Zinc oxide nanoparticles are well-known metal oxide nanoparticles having numbers of applications in the field of cosmetology, medicine, and chemistry. However, the number of reports has indicated its toxicity also such as hepatotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. Thus, in this article, we have analyzed the potential risks and benefits of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The data related to risks and benefits of zinc oxide nanoparticles have been extracted from PubMed (from January 2007 to August 2019). A total of 3,892 studies have been published during this period regarding zinc oxide nanoparticles. On the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 277 studies have been included for the analysis of risks and benefits. Emerging reports have indicated both risks and benefits of zinc oxide nanoparticles in concentration- and time-dependent manner under in vitro and in vivo conditions through different mechanism of action. In conclusion, zinc oxide nanoparticles could play a beneficial role in the treatment of various diseases but safety of these particles at particular effective concentration should be thoroughly evaluated.

Sodium glucose co-transport 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) are the new class of anti-diabetic medications which are the recently approved (2013) by FDA for the treatment of diabetes. These inhibitors block the SGLT2 protein which involved in glucose reabsorption from proximal renal tubule which results in increased glucose excretion and lower blood glucose levels. These inhibitors exert favourable effects beyond glucose control such as consistent body weight, blood pressure, and serum uric acid reductions. Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, and Empagliflozin belong to the class of SGLT2 inhibitors. These all drugs are giving promising results in the treatment of diabetes mellitus but emerging data from post-marketing studies indicate their adverse effects such as diabetic ketoacidosis, genital and urinary tract infection, cancer, bone fracture and foot and leg amputation. Thus, there is the need for better understanding of the risk profile of SGLT2 inhibitors. In this review, we try to compile the risk profile of SGLT2 inhibitors by collecting information from various sources such as case reports, published literature and from various regulatory websites. Further, the proposed mechanism of risks has been also discussed.