Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults, with a median survival of 15–18 months. GBM cells, like all tumors, exhibit a metabolic shift known as the Warburg effect, favoring glycolysis even under normoxic conditions. GLUT1 is a primary glucose transporter in GBM cells and has been found to be overexpressed in these cells. The acidic microenvironment created by glycolysis facilitates immune evasion, therapy resistance, and tumor growth. Overexpression of GLUT1 is driven by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), c-Myc, and other pathways which have been correlated with tumor aggressiveness as well as poor prognosis Recent studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of targeting GLUT1 in GBM. Preclinical research shows that GLUT1 inhibitors, such as WZB117 and BAY-876, effectively impair tumor metabolism, reduce cell viability, and improve survival in vitro and in animal models. GLUT1 expression also serves as a prognostic marker, with elevated levels linked to poor outcomes. This review highlights the importance of GLUT1 in GBM biology as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker.

Using microRNAs (miRNAs) as potential circulating biomarkers in diagnosing and treating glioblastoma (GBM) has garnered a lot of scientific and clinical impetus in the past decade. As an aggressive primary brain tumor, GBM poses challenges in early detection and effective treatment with significant current diagnostic constraints and limited therapeutic strategies. MiRNA dysregulation is present in GBM. The intricate involvement of miRNAs in altering cell proliferation, invasion, and immune escape makes them prospective candidates for identifying and monitoring GBM diagnosis and response to treatment. These miRNAs could play a dual role, acting as both potential diagnostic markers and targets for therapy. By modulating the activity of various oncogenic and tumor-suppressive proteins, miRNAs create opportunities for precision medicine and targeted therapies in GBM. This review centers on the critical role and function of circulating miRNA biomarkers in GBM diagnosis and treatment. It highlights their significance in providing insights into disease progression, aiding in early diagnosis, and potential use as targets for novel therapeutic interventions. Ultimately, the study of miRNA would contribute to improving patient outcomes in the challenging landscape of GBM management.