Background: Inflammation within tumor microenvironments has been correlated to numerous malignancies. This study aims to explore its significance in thyroid cancer (TC). Methods: Retrospective analysis of 157 thyroid carcinomas and 40 benign cases involved initial univariate analysis. The value of neutrophils/value of lymphocytes (NLR), value of platelets/value of lymphocytes (PLR), value of lymphocytes/value of monocytes (LMR), and value of platelets × value of neutrophils/value of lymphocytes (SII) indexes were related to TC characteristics and number and location of involved lymph nodes using χ² or Fischer’s exact tests for categorical variables and Student’s t-tests for continuous ones. A 1:1 propensity score matching balanced malignant and benign TC groups based on age, sex, and tumor size was used. Post-matching, a multivariate logistic model integrated sex, age, Central lymph node metastases (CLNM), and SII index. Statistically significant immune index values underwent ROC curve analysis for determining cut-offs. Among the 157 malignant TC, median test and density plots were performed. Results: The SII index emerged as a predictor of malignancy in both univariate and multivariate analyses (p-value = 0.0202). The ROC curve indicated a cut-off SII value of 465.71, (specificity = 58% [95% CI: 0.43–0.73]; sensitivity = 80% [95% CI: 0.68–0.93]). Median SII index values for tumor sizes of 1 and >1 were 522.8 and 654.8, respectively (p-value = 0.016). When central lymph nodes metastases(CLNMs) was considered (CLNM = 0 vs. CLNM > 0), median SII values were 530.7 and 1121.7, respectively (p-value = 0.011). Conclusions: The SII index appears to be a valuable tool in the presence of TC, showing correlations with malignancy, tumor size, and CLNMs.

Background: Transient hypoparathyroidism (TH) is the main post-thyroidectomy complication, significantly impacting surgical outcomes, hospitalization length, and perceived perceived quality of life understood as mental and physical well-being. This study aims to identify possible associated risk factors. Methods: We analyzed 238 thyroidectomies (2020–2022), excluding instances of partial surgery, primary hyperparathyroidism, neck irradiation history, and renal failure. The variables considered were as follows: demographics, histology, autoimmunity, thyroid function, pre- and postoperative Vitamin D levels (where available), type of surgery, number of incidentally removed parathyroid glands (IRP), and surgeons’ experience (>1000 thyroidectomies, <500, in training). Univariate analysis applied: χ², Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, and Student’s t-test for continuous variables. Subsequently, logistic multivariate analysis with stepwise selection was performed. Results: Univariate analysis did not yield statistically significant results for the considered variables. The ‘No Complications’ group displayed a mean age of 55 years, whereas the TH group showed a mean age of 51 (p-value = 0.055). We considered this result to be marginally significant. Subsequently, we constructed a multivariate logistic model. This model (AIC = 245.02) indicated that the absence of incidental parathyroidectomy was associated with the age class >55 years, presenting an odds ratio (OR) of 9.015 (p-value < 0.05). Simultaneously, the age class >55 years exhibited protective effects against TH, demonstrating an OR of 0.085 (p-value < 0.01). Similarly, the absence of incidental parathyroidectomy was found to be protective against TH, with an OR of 0.208 (p-value < 0.01). Conclusions: Multivariate analysis highlighted that having “No IRP” was protective against TH, while younger age was a risk factor. Surgeon experience does not seem to correlate with IRP or outcomes, assuming there is adequate tutoring and a case volume close to 500 to ensure good results. The effect of reimplantation has not been evident in transient hypoparathyroidism.