With the growth of distributed energy resources, development of storage systems technology and an increase in the application of electric vehicles (EV), the energy management of these kinds of sources needs additional research. The task of the distribution network operator is to optimize the microgrid operation at the lowest operating cost. This paper suggests a novel concept for parallel scheduling of EVs and battery storage while taking demand response programs (DRP) into account, with the goal of minimizing total operating costs. The influence of cooperation of DRP and optimal scheduling of EVs and energy storages on the operating costs, power transaction with upstream grid, hourly DERs, and systems technical features such as voltage profile and power loss has been studied. Numerical results obtained from an illustrative case study elucidate that the proposed model reduce 5.62 percent from total power loss and improve the minimum voltage from 0.91 to 0.94 p.u.

With the development use of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) as small moving power plants, energy management of these types of power plants requires more researches. So, the charging and discharging capability of PHEVs can be used in active distribution networks (ADN). This paper suggests an optimal approach for charging and discharging scheduling of PEVs in the ADNs to minimize the operating costs of system. The influence of PEVs on the operating costs and some technical characteristics of system like power losses and voltage profile has been investigated under PEVs limits, distributed generation units. In this work, the grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) is applied to solve this complicated mixed-integer non-linear programming problem with the goal of minimizing the operating costs of the system and find the optimal solutions. In the end, an illustrative case study is provided to acknowledge the sufficiency and proficiency of the presented model by implementing it on the modified IEEE 69-bus system.