Purpose: Lean manufacturing, originating from the Toyota Production System (TPS), aims to reduce waste and optimize resources. Developed countries must adopt Lean practices for performance improvements while developing countries often use just-in-case approaches. Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is a crucial tool for diagnosing, implementing, and maintaining Lean Manufacturing, helping identify improvement opportunities and eliminating waste. The research at the company aims to eliminate Lean wastes and line unbalancing issues to improve lead time and the value-added ratio (VAR), enhancing production efficiency. The research aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Production & Consumption) by focusing on waste reduction. Methodology: The research uses time study, Edaw max, and Visio software to analyze tasks, create VSMs of current and future states, and control charts to examine data variations over time. Data collection involves cycle time, batch size, packet size, and the number of workers required for each activity. Findings: The research objectives include studying the existing scenario of production units via VSM, identifying, and eliminating Lean wastes, and comparing proposed and existing scenarios for improvement opportunities. The literature review highlights the importance of Lean manufacturing in eliminating unnecessary processes, reducing lead time, and fostering positive stakeholder relationships. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study suggests the better way to reduce the lean wastages and balance the line by using VSM technique. The future state VSM is created to conceptualize potential improvements and gather feedback, focusing on reducing non-value-adding tasks, work-in-process inventory, workforce, and overall process time.

Journal of Innovations in Business and Industry (ASPUR)

The study on assembly line balancing theory and concept, focusing on the textile sector in Karachi, Pakistan, specifically the stitching department of a company, aimed to enhance efficiency through meticulous analysis and optimization. By employing time and motion analysis techniques, the research sought to identify and eliminate redundant activities, ensuring a seamless workflow with minimal idle time. The methodology employed involved a comprehensive observation of the entire production process, starting from stitching through to packing. This involved using a stopwatch to meticulously analyze each step of the process, thus gaining insight into the current operational dynamics of the assembly line. Line balancing was ensured by calculating Standard Allowed Minutes (SAM), assessing capacity, and determining the required manpower and machine resources. To further refine the efficiency of the stitching line, data collection was conducted using stopwatch techniques, to devise an improved layout. By reducing processing time and minimizing unproductive intervals, the study aimed to establish a foundation for enhanced productivity and streamlined work orders. Various tools were utilized to scrutinize the procedures involved in the production process, encompassing activities, operator proficiency, equipment efficiency, and material usage. This comprehensive approach aimed to optimize the workflow, making it more ergonomic and conducive to efficient operations while ensuring worker satisfaction. The study's analysis specifically targeted the stitching operations related to sheet sets, with a focus on minimizing the number of machines and achieving optimal line capacity. Significant reductions in machine requirements were achieved, with the number of machines for both sheet sets and fitted sheets being reduced substantially. Capacity calculations based on SAM and machine numbers demonstrated the achievement of production targets. Moreover, manpower requirements were reassessed and optimized, resulting in a reduction in the number of workers required for packing operations, thereby further enhancing efficiency.

In the world ergonomics is involved everywhere, where is work there is a risk factor. Musculoskeletal disorder (MSDs) is a major risk factor in human life because it affects bones, joints, muscles, and connective tissues of whole human body parts such as the neck, shoulder, arms, wrists, hips, legs, thigh, knee, ankles, etc. so mainly our study focus on musculoskeletal disorders. This study there has used questionnaires in four factors those are sociodemographic, psychological, occupational, and biomechanical. In these factors number of questions were included in the data has been collected. In addition, there was the Nordic section in questions from that we analyzed the pain in different parts of the human body. The study concentrated on the business, education, industry, and healthcare sectors in Hyderabad, Kotri, and Jamshoro. University students and teachers, retail salespeople, manufacturing industry workers, nurses, doctors, nursing assistants, and other health professionals comprised the sample group. The questionnaires were fully completed by 50% of the respondents, resulting in a sample of 116 workers. The majority of the participants were private employees with one to fifteen years of experience in teaching or caring. In this study data has been analyzed through Co-relation between four factors with the Nordic section and ANOVA test through excel and it gives the value of p is also less than 0.05 so we cannot reject the null hypothesis. Over this study it has been analyzed that population is evolving in problems and there should be the proper implementation of ergonomics and safety rules. Test gives the values are not significant and null hypothesis should not reject and it should be improving.

This study presents the design modification and performance evaluation of an active solar dryer. The Modified Active Solar Dryer (MASD) is equipped with a non-concentrating flat plate thermal collector and drying chamber to dry various agricultural products. The drying chamber contains trays inside it. These are used to completely circulate airflow inside it. The drying Chamber has a cross-section Area of 0.30m × 0.45m and a height of 0.45m. The Flat plate collector has 0.91 m length, 0.45 m width, 0.12 m depth, and 0.049 𝑚 3 volume. This study performed experimental work and evaluated performance by drying the chili in a Simplified Active Solar Dryer and Modified Active Solar dryer from 8 am to5 pm with average solar irradiance of 883.25𝑊 𝑚 2 ⁄. The temperature has been recorded at six different points. The difference in temperatures between the dryer input and the surrounding air has been observed continuously. Temperatures at the Thermal Collector and Drying Chamber are the main prime mover of solar drying, so our main concern was on these two temperatures. The temperature achieved by SASD in the thermal collector is in the range of 55 ~ 60˚C meanwhile in the MASD temperature range is 65 ~ 70˚C. In SASD chili was dried in five days meanwhile in Modified Active Solar Dryer it took four days. The moisture content of the chili was reduced to 10% and it took 45hour for SASD and 34 hours for MASD. It is concluded that Modified Active Solar Dryer took 34% less time than the Simplified Active Solar Dryer.

Supply chain management (SCM) is crucial for companies looking to enhance their business processes, with information technologies playing a significant role in revolutionizing SCM. This paper analyzes modern technologies used in SCM, focusing on logistics, information technology, and supply chain management. It explores how technology is utilized in various sectors where SCM is prevalent. Previous research demonstrates a wide array of technologies used in logistics and SCM, with this analysis highlighting a few key ones. The study reveals that new technologies greatly improve SCM by enhancing quality, efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, and reducing costs. It also investigates the diverse effects of technologies on SCM and logistics, showcasing real-world case studies of successful technology implementation. Overall, the analysis emphasizes the importance of contemporary technologies in advancing organizational progress, particularly in SCM optimization. It provides valuable insights into the benefits and practical applications of technological advancements in SCM, while also acknowledging their disruptive potential.