Recent progress in the field of electroanalysis with metal nanoparticle (NP)-based screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) is discussed, focusing on the methods employed to perform the electrode surface functionalization, and the final application achieved with different types of metallic NPs. The ink mixing approach, electrochemical deposition, and drop casting are the usual methodologies used for SPEs’ modification purposes to obtain nanoparticulated sensing phases with suitable tailor-made functionalities. Among these, applications on inorganic and organic molecule sensing with several NPs of transition metals, bimetallic alloys, and metal oxides should be highlighted.

A new transducer based on a screen-printed carbon electrode has been developed for the quantification of thiram. Detection of this fungicide is based on the performance of two enzymes: (1) aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyzes the aldehyde oxidation using NAD⁺ as a cofactor and simultaneously, (2) diaphorase reoxidizes the NADH formed in the first enzymatic process due to the presence of hexacyanoferrate(III) which is reduced to hexacyanoferrate(II). Taking into account that aldehyde dehydrogenase is inhibited by thiram, the current decreases with pesticide concentration and thiram can be electrochemically quantified below legal limits. The transducer proposed in this work involves the modification of the carbon WE with the co-factors (NAD⁺ and hexacyanoferrate(III)) required in the enzymatic system. The new device employed in this work allows the detection of 0.09 ppm thiram, a concentration below legal limits (Maximum Residue Limits 0.1–10 ppm).

A new spectroelectrochemical two-enzyme sensor system has been developed for the detection of acetaldehyde in wine. A combination of spectroscopy and electrochemistry improves the analytical features of the electrochemical sensor because the optical information collected with this system is only associated with acetaldehyde and avoids the interferents also present in wines as polyphenols. Spectroelectrochemical detection is achieved by the analysis of the optical properties of the K₃[Fe(CN)₆]/K₄[Fe(CN)₆] redox couple involved in the enzymatic process: aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyzes the aldehyde oxidation using β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate (NAD⁺) as a cofactor and, simultaneously, diaphorase reoxidizes the NADH formed in the first enzymatic process due to the presence of K₃[Fe(CN)₆]. An analysis of the characteristic UV-vis bands of K₃[Fe(CN)₆] at 310 and 420 nm allows the detection of acetaldehyde, since absorption bands are only related to the oxidation of this substrate, and avoids the contribution of other interferents.

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the best features of both electrochemical and photoluminescence methods. In this work, we present a direct ECL-based method for the detection of fentanyl using unmodified screen-printed electrodes. The analysed system consists of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)₃²⁺) as the luminophore and fentanyl as the co-reactant. A comprehensive optimization of the experimental parameters, such as buffer pH, luminophore concentration and working electrode material, was performed in order to maximize the ECL response. The optimal conditions are identified as PBS buffer pH 6, 2.5 × 10⁻³ M Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ and bare gold screen-printed electrodes. Under these conditions, the system exhibited a strong and reproducible ECL signal, with a linear response to fentanyl concentration from 1 × 10⁻⁷ to 1 × 10⁻⁵ M and a limit of detection of 6.7 × 10⁻⁸ M. Notably, the proposed method does not require electrode surface modification, sample pretreatment or complex instrumentation, offering a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective alternative for fentanyl detection. Furthermore, the storage of bare SPEs at room temperature in a dry place ensures their stability over months or even years, overcoming the limitations offered by ECL systems based on modifications of the working electrode with different nanomaterials. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed ECL approach as a robust and sensitive tool for the detection of synthetic opioids. Its simplicity, portability, and analytical performance make it particularly attractive for forensic and clinical applications where rapid and accurate opioid screening is essential.

Metal phthalocyanines are well-known sensing phases with applications in different scientific fields due to their interesting properties. Detailed characterization by Raman spectroscopy was performed in order to study the shifting of the vibrational bands related to the coordination sphere of each metal phthalocyanine. In this work, a study involving the use of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) with various metal phthalocyanines to electrochemically detect and quantify chlorine (Cl₂) gas is presented. The Cl₂ gas was generated in-situ via oxidation of the chloride present in form of aqueous salt solutions. The developed method offers not only the possibility to quantify chlorine, but also to discriminate among several chlorinated species due to the changes observed in the voltammetric profiles associated with the interaction between the specie assayed and the phthalocyanine metallic center. Optimization of detecting parameters was also performed to apply this procedure for the quantification of chlorine generated from commercial chlorine tablets. The development of this proof of concept shows interesting possibilities and easy-to-use applications with novel on metal phthalocyanines based SPE sensors.

Two-dimensional materials (2MD) have emerged as a transformative platform for biomedical sensing owing to their unique properties. Over the past decade, 2DM, such as graphene and MXenes have enabled sensing concepts with the potential to surpass the sensitivity, speed, and miniaturization limits of conventional technologies. When combined with other innovative materials such as aptamers or magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), a range of components can be developed. From electrochemical electrodes and field effect transistor channels to conductive inks and triboelectric nanogenerators, these components offer a variety of biomedical applications that have the potential to revolutionize healthcare. This Roadmap reviews the current state of 2DM-based biomedical sensing within four EU-funded Horizon Europe projects under the Graphene Flagship, identifies key scientific and technological barriers, and outlines priority research directions for the short (2027) and mid-term (2030) future. The analysis focuses on the materials, various components comprising these materials, and several biomedical applications that are currently being researched within the overall biomedical focus of the Graphene Flagship Initiative. By consolidating expert perspectives from the four consortia, this roadmap aims to guide coordinated efforts to accelerate the transition of 2DM from laboratory demonstrations to robust, scalable, and impactful biomedical sensing technologies.