Zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized by the sol–gel method for optoelectronics, photonic, and medical applications. The as-synthesized NPs are irradiated with lasers with wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm in an attempt to improve the particles' structural and functional properties. The NPs are characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques, atomic force microscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The structural analysis shows that the particles have a polycrystalline hexagonal structure of the space group (P6₃mc). The average crystallite size of nanoparticles varies in the range of 13–15 nm after and before irradiation by a laser beam. The morphological characterization revealed the formation of agglomerates of NPs in the range of 42–46 nm A shift is observed in the absorption spectra after irradiation with a laser beam. This shift is due to the effect of irradiation on the sample’s electronic structure. This effect is confirmed by a decrease in the bandgap energy. The optical parameters are also deduced and discussed. The irradiation of ZnO nanoparticles by laser beams of wavelength 1064 nm and 532 nm decreases the size of the crystallites which increases their antibacterial activity. The biological activity of the NPS and in improving the efficacy of antibiotics are tested and analyzed. Results emphasized the positive role of ZnO-NPs in the above-mentioned application.

The present study used physics to synthesize silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of fresh garlic as reducing and as a stabilizing agent silver nitrate solution. This method has proven to be environmentally friendly and safe for the synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles. The acquisition of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by optical detection, that is, by changing the color of the liquid to transparent orange and then blackish brown. Then, the characterization was confirmed using other assays. In this study, it was found that the absorption peak of silver nanoparticles was at a wavelength of 420 nm and the particle size ranged between [50–350] nm. The surface roughness of silver oxide/silver nanoparticles was 9.32 nm with an average square roughness of 21.19 nm, and the energy dispersive spectra showed that the absorption peak was in the region of 3 keV, indicating that the nanoparticles contained crystalline silver. In this study, the stability of the silver nanoparticles was good, as ZP reached (− 19.5). The results confirm that the conductivity increases with the increase in frequency due to the high energy of the photons, which causes the electrons to vibrate in the energy levels and thus increase the energy in the mitochondria and increase the movement of sperm in the Diabetic mice treated with doses of silver nanoparticles. The toxic effect of silver nanoparticles has been evaluated in other studies, in addition to evaluating antioxidants, antifungals, treating cancer cells, regulating cholesterol levels, the effect of these nanoparticles on sex cells in pregnant female mice, heart tension, and many other tests. In this study, the activities and efficacy of silver nanoparticles on sperms were determined in male mice with diabetes caused by STZ, and the treatment period was long (35 days) so that the evaluation period was a complete life cycle of male sex cells and within a long period of time and at an average nano size. This has not been studied in other previous studies. The results indicate that the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using garlic plant led to positive results on sperm treatments by contributing to an increase in the number of sperm with reactivation and a decrease in abnormalities in addition to a decrease in mortality due to diabetes. This is evidence that the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using garlic plant size (50–350 nm) can treat impotence and be used in the future in the treatment of many diseases without side effects.