This scoping review paper provides an overview of the evolution, the current stage, and the future prospects of fracture studies on composite laminates. A fundamental understanding of composite materials is presented by highlighting the roles of the fiber and matrix, outlining the applications of various synthetic fibers used in current structural sectors. Challenges posed by interlaminar delamination, one of the critical failure modes, are highlighted. This paper systematically discusses the fracture behavior of these laminates under mixed-mode and complex loading conditions. Standardized fracture toughness testing methods, including Mode I Double Cantilever Beam (DCB), Mode II End-Notched Flexure (ENF) and Mixed-Mode Bending (MMB), are initially discussed, which is followed by a decade-wide chronological analysis of fracture mechanics approaches. Key advancements, including toughening mechanisms, Cohesive Zone Modeling (CZM), Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT), Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC), are analyzed. The review also addresses recent trends in fracture studies, such as bio-inspired architecture, self-healing systems, and artificial intelligence in fracture predictions. By mapping the trajectory of past innovations and identifying unresolved challenges, such as scale integration, dataset standardization for AI, and manufacturability of advanced architectures, this review proposes a strategic research roadmap. The major goal is to enable unified multi-scale modeling frameworks that merge physical insights with data learning, paving the way for next-generation composite laminates optimized for resilience, adaptability, and environmental responsibility.

Wastewater pollution from domestic, industrial, and agricultural sources threatens the environment and human health. Traditional wastewater treatment methods are energy intensive, generate significant sludge, and may not remove all contaminants. This study explores the use of microalgae, Chlorella sorokinianana, to treat wastewater and evaluates its impact on concrete properties. The research aims to optimize microalgae growth conditions, set up nutrient‐rich growth chambers, develop biomass separation methods, and assess the effects of microalgae‐treated wastewater on concrete. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze concrete structures produced with microalgae‐treated wastewater, freshwater, and sewage treatment plant (STP) water. Concrete from microalgae‐treated wastewater exhibited euhedral crystals with pronounced gaps, while freshwater concrete had denser subhedral to anhedral crystals. STP water concrete consistently had lower strength values, possibly due to impurities affecting cement hydration. Microalgae‐treated water concrete showed intermediate strength levels, suggesting organic or biological factors may influence hydration, but it still gained strength with time. This study underscores the potential of microalgae‐treated wastewater for sustainable concrete production, highlighting the importance of further research to optimize conditions and promote environmentally friendly construction practices.

Considering the urgent need for sustainable construction materials, this study investigates the mechanical and microstructural responses of novel hybrid geopolymer concrete blends incorporating Fly Ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Cement (C) and Precipitated Silica (PS) as partial replacements for traditional cementitious materials. The motive lies in reducing CO₂ emissions associated with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The main aim of the study was to optimise the proportions of industrial wastes for enhanced performance and sustainability. The geopolymer mixes were activated using a 10 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH)—Sodium Silicate (Na₂SiO₃) solution and cast into cubes (100 mm), cylinders (100 mm × 200 mm) and prism specimens for compressive, split tensile and flexural strength testing, respectively. Six combinations of mixes were studied: FA/C (50:50), GGBS/C (50:50), FA/C/PS (50:40:10), FA/GGBS/PS (50:40:10), GGBS/C (50:50) and GGBS/FA/PS (50:40:10). The results indicated that the blend with 50% FA, 40% GGBS and 10% PS exhibited higher strength. Mixes with GGBS and PS presented a l0 lower slump due to rapid setting and higher water demand, while GGBS-FA-cement mixes indicated better workability. GGBS/C exhibited a 24.6% rise in compressive strength for 7 days, whereas FA/C presented a 31.3% rise at 90 days. GGBS/FA mix indicated a 35.5% strength drop from 28 days to 90 days. SEM and EDS analyses showed that FA-rich mixes had porous microstructures, while GGBS-based mixes formed denser matrices with increased calcium content.