Carlos Nobre is a scientist recognized for his work on biosphere–atmosphere interactions and climate-ecological impacts of Amazon deforestation and global warming, working especially with the risk of ‘savannization’ of this biome. He holds a Ph.D. degree in Meteorology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, and has worked for more than 35 years at the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE). He is a member of the Brazilian Academy of Science, World Academy of Science, a foreign member of the US Academy of Science and the British Royal Society and a Planetary Guardian. Carlos Nobre is currently a Full Professor of Climate and Sustainability at the University of São Paulo’s Institute for Advanced Studies and he is championing the so-called Amazonia 4.0 project, a science-based initiative to develop a “standing forest bio-economy for the Amazon”. He is author or co-author of over 250 scientific papers, book chapters and books and has received a number of scientific awards. Carlos is one of the Co-Chairs of the Science Panel for the Amazon (SPA) and contributor to the reports of the IPCC, which was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.