This study explored the effects of turning frequency on fermentation efficiency and microbial metabolic function of sheep manure composting on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). Five treatments with different turning frequencies were set up in this study: turning every 1 day (T1), 2 days (T2), 4 days (T3), 6 days (T4), and 8 days (T5). Results showed that the high temperature period for T1 and T5 lasted only 4 days, while that for T2–T4 lasted more than 8 days. The germination index of T1 and T5 was lower than 80%, while that of T2–T4 was 100.6%, 97.8%, and 88.6%, respectively. This study further predicted the microbial metabolic function of T2–T4 using the bioinformatics tool PICRUSt2 (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) and determining the activities of various functional enzymes. The results showed that carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism were the main metabolic pathways of microorganisms, and that T2 increased the abundance of functional genes of these metabolic pathways. The activities of protease, cellulase, and peroxidase in T2 and T3 were higher than those in T4, and the effect of T2 was more significant. In conclusion, turning once every 2 days can improve the quality of sheep manure compost on the QTP. Graphical Abstract