The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased research outputs in telemedicine over the last couple of years. One solution to the COVID-19 pandemic as revealed in literature is to leverage telemedicine for accessing health care remotely. In this survey paper, we review several articles on eHealth and Telemedicine with emphasis on the articles’ focus area, including wireless technologies and architectures in eHealth, communications protocols, Quality of Service, and Experience Standards, among other considerations. In addition, we provide an overview of telemedicine for new readers. This survey reviews several telecommunications technologies currently being proposed along with their standards and challenges. In general, an encompassing survey on the developments in telemedicine technology, standards, and protocols is presented while acquainting researchers with several open issues. Special mention of the state-of-the-art specialist application areas are presented. We conclude the survey paper by presenting important research challenges and potential future directions as they pertain to telemedicine technology.

The ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic have contributed in part to a recent upsurge in the study and development of eHealth systems. Although it is almost impossible to cover all aspects of eHealth in a single discussion, three critical areas have gained traction. These include the need for acceptable eHealth architectures, the development of mobile health (mHealth) technologies, and the need to address eHealth system security concerns. Existing survey articles lack a synthesis of the most recent advancements in the development of architectures, mHealth solutions, and innovative security measures, which are essential components of effective eHealth systems. Consequently, the present article aims at providing an encompassing survey of these three aspects towards the development of successful and efficient eHealth systems. Firstly, we discuss the most recent innovations in eHealth architectures, such as blockchain-, Internet of Things (IoT)-, and cloud-based architectures, focusing on their respective benefits and drawbacks while also providing an overview of how they might be implemented and used. Concerning mHealth and security, we focus on key developments in both areas while discussing other critical topics of importance for eHealth systems. We close with a discussion of the important research challenges and potential future directions as they pertain to architecture, mHealth, and security concerns. This survey gives a comprehensive overview, including the merits and limitations of several possible technologies for the development of eHealth systems. This endeavor offers researchers and developers a quick snapshot of the information necessary during the design and decision-making phases of the eHealth system development lifecycle. Furthermore, we conclude that building a unified architecture for eHealth systems would require combining several existing designs. It also points out that there are still a number of problems to be solved, so more research and investment are needed to develop and deploy functional eHealth systems.

With the embrace of cellular telecommunication in Nigeria, the sector has experienced tremendous growth in terms of users. There have also been advances in technology from 2G to 3G and even 4G networks. Irrespective of the network in use, there is a section that is yet to have an alternative which is the base transceiver station BTS of the cellular network. This paper looks at the role of the BTS location on service delivery and hence customer's satisfaction in cellular networks. A survey is carried out in five major cities in Nigeria to have a professional insight into the challenges/difficulties faced by network providers in the placement of base stations. Results from this investigation reveal topography and land use problems as major challenges to the optimal placement of base stations, hence limiting coverage optimization efforts. This study provides necessary variables for the development of a tool for optimal placement of base station in order to achieve optimized radio coverage.

The implementation of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in telemedicine necessitates the deployment of various medical devices, including wearable and implantable sensors, in a network to collect diverse categories of medical data, resulting in the accumulation of large data volumes. The interoperability of these IoMT devices and networks determines to what extent the devices and networks can exchange and interpret medical data. The lack of standardised communication protocols for sharing medical data between individual devices and networks remains a serious challenge that needs to be addressed to unravel the potential of healthcare information sharing using IoMT. This article presents an exploration of practicable IoMT communication protocols to identify possible means of enabling cross-platform interoperability between devices and networks. Taxonomy of IoMT-based telemedicine communication protocols with use-case examples leveraging a large number of existing works of literature, have been examined. The use of open API, gateways and microservices for effective cross-platform medical data sharing is common due to the lack of standard communication protocols. Standardisation of IoMT communication protocols is possible by adopting the most effective open-source communication protocol such as the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) Protocol.

Ozone gas is a greenhouse gas. Accurate measurement of its concentration is dependent on the right value of the ozone gas absorption cross-section. In the literature, discrepancies and inconsistencies have been however linked with ozone gas absorption cross-section. In the literature, information on the pressure effect on pressures less than 100 mbar and greater than 100 but less than 1000 mbar is not available for the visible spectrum. Thus, creating an information gap which this manuscript is intended to fill up. This is the problem that has been addressed in this present work. The method of simulation with SpectralCalc is the method adopted for the present work. HITRAN 2012 simulator, available on spectralcalc.com, was used in simulating the ozone gas absorption cross-section to determine the simultaneous effect of optical path length and pressure at two peak wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Simulation outcomes were obtained for an optical path length of 10 cm to 120 cm shows that the optimum absorption cross-section value of 5.1084×10-25 m2/molecule at 603 nm and 4.7182×10-25 m2/molecule at 575 nm for gas cells length between 10 cm and 120 cm are obtained at peak points. Pressure values at which ozone gas absorption cross-section becomes a constant value of 5.1058×10-25 m2/molecule at 603 nm and 4.7158×10-25 m2/molecule at 575 nm is optical path length dependent. The percentage difference between 5.1084×10-25 m2/molecule and 5.1058×10-25 m2/molecule is 0.05% for all lengths of gas cells considered. Similarly, the percentage difference between 4.7182×10-25 m2/molecule and 4.7158×10-25 m2/molecule is also 0.05% for all lengths of gas cells considered. These results are relevant for high accuracy and high precision ozone gas measurements. Furthermore, efficient measurement of ozone gas is a direct enhancement of green communication.