The solar system is still uncommunicated and unknown for humankind. To acquire more knowledge about the solar system, we send satellites and rovers to explore those planets; however, it is costly and takes a lot of effort. Soil retains information about the environment of celestial bodies, and we can process that information to make decisions about future infrastructure settlements that could provide advantages for the interplanetary Internet. The interplanetary Internet communications must be scalable, interoperable, secure, and easy for data transmission. However, before thinking about carrying out soil analysis through surface exploration, we can see that the first step is to analyze it using sensing satellites studying the structure of their data collection orbits through intelligent vision. In this paper we propose the use of cameras mounted on sensing satellites for the soil analysis during orbit (high-resolution, infrared, spectral, optical) for general scanning of surface elements with AI postprocessing, and mass spectrometer for spectroscopy. This equipment will analyze the chemical composition of the surfaces, the magnetic field lines, and the material radiation, detect rocks and gas elements, and identify the surface characteristics, among others. In this paper, we discuss how to develop the architecture of an interplanetary Internet physical platform with space-to-ground observations and measurements. A satellite orbiting a celestial body will become a sensor node with physical layers designed with relays and a modular setup, as well as a data transport method and location estimation sensing system, as a basis for the interplanetary Internet system. The design of the interplanetary Internet must consider the information from the analysis and observation of celestial bodies’ variables and parameters, as a fundamental flow of information that must be transported through the network to be further analyzed and used.

Establishing control over a mission to explore space is still one of the most difficult tasks. In order to achieve such mission control, we need communications into space through the transmission and reception of radio signals. To improve communication conditions, we propose a tracking system to locate space gadgets and transmit signals at minimum distances to reduce free space attenuation. We propose the case of a satellite sent off to the Moon or Mars, namely points where tracking devices can no longer reach them. In this paper, we discuss the methods and strategies to carry out this idea. The fingerprint of magnetic and gravitational fields can give us information to differentiate the quantity of electromagnetic waves that are received at a point in space in three dimensions. Each planet has specific characteristics, including a field around the planet, whether magnetic, electrical or otherwise, that protects its surface. The use of a spectrometer of masses allows us to identify the neighboring magnetic field as well as the compositions of celestial bodies and is a clear solution for the observation and monitoring of a planet. Additionally, the use of an oscillator is proposed to enhance the spectrometer. In conjunction with the use of a magnetometer, we can obtain an accurate measurement of the field of a celestial body, magnetic or not, and its composition. In addition, with the integration of an accelerometer, the altitude will be transformed into speed data, and to analyze its variation, we turn these data into gravitational force and define if the satellite is closer to the atmosphere of the celestial body. Attached to the sensing stage, a network of SatComs will be used to amplify the received signal and reach the ground station. Two SatComs per orbit will be positioned at specific Lagrange points of the celestial body.

Celestial bodies of our solar system remain as a major unexplored and unexploited reserve of natural resources available to humans. Furthermore, those constitute a valuable source of information about the origins and evolution of the solar system and an alternative to establish human settlements in the future. Observation and understanding of the land conditions of those celestial bodies is vital to learn more about those celestial bodies, to generate accurate maps of them, to look for natural resources of interest, and to evaluate the feasibility and help in the preparation of future land missions. A satellite constellation constitutes an important infrastructure element to observe those celestial bodies and to transmit the retrieved information back to Earth. Nonetheless, the operation of sensing satellites in other planets needs understanding of the requirements to perform such observations. In this paper, we discuss those sensing requirements from the point of view of orbits and payload requirements for one of our closest neighbors of the solar system (Moon, Mars). To analyze the orbit of the sensing satellite, we discuss the required altitude to facilitate ground observation, the orbit’s conditions (such as radiation levels and orbital perturbations, among others), suitable orbit configurations, required number of satellites, and ways to estimate the required time to perform full observation of the celestial body. To evaluate suitable payloads, we discuss available information in the literature (such as known atmospheric and land conditions) to determine the best observation frequencies and determine the best kind of payload (such as sensors, a camera, or a lower frequency observation payload) to study that celestial body. Finally, we discuss some important considerations such as the requirements of satellite communication link to transmit the retrieved information back to Earth.