Segmentation of the breast region and pectoral muscle are fundamental subsequent steps in the process of Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems. Segmenting the breast region and pectoral muscle are considered a difficult task, particularly in mammogram images because of artefacts, homogeneity among the region of the breast and pectoral muscle, and low contrast along the region of breast boundary, the similarity between the texture of the Region of Interest (ROI), and the unwanted region and irregular ROI. This study aims to propose an improved threshold-based and trainable segmentation model to derive ROI. A hybrid segmentation approach for the boundary of the breast region and pectoral muscle in mammogram images was established based on thresholding and Machine Learning (ML) techniques. For breast boundary estimation, the region of the breast was highlighted by eliminating bands of the wavelet transform. The initial breast boundary was determined through a new thresholding technique. Morphological operations and masking were employed to correct the overestimated boundary by deleting small objects. In the medical imaging field, significant progress to develop effective and accurate ML methods for the segmentation process. In the literature, the imperative role of ML methods in enabling effective and more accurate segmentation method has been highlighted. In this study, an ML technique was built based on the Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) feature with neural network classifiers to determine the region of pectoral muscle and ROI. The proposed segmentation approach was tested by utilizing 322, 200, 100 mammogram images from mammographic image analysis society (mini-MIAS), INbreast, Breast Cancer Digital Repository (BCDR) databases, respectively. The experimental results were compared with manual segmentation based on different texture features. Moreover, evaluation and comparison for the boundary of the breast region and pectoral muscle segmentation have been done separately. The experimental results showed that the boundary of the breast region and the pectoral muscle segmentation approach obtained an accuracy of 98.13% and 98.41% (mini-MIAS), 100%, and 98.01% (INbreast), and 99.8% and 99.5% (BCDR), respectively. On average, the proposed study achieved 99.31% accuracy for the boundary of breast region segmentation and 98.64% accuracy for pectoral muscle segmentation. The overall ROI performance of the proposed method showed improving accuracy after improving the threshold technique for background segmentation and building an ML technique for pectoral muscle segmentation. More so, this paper also included the ground-truth as an evaluation of comprehensive similarity. In the clinic, this analysis may be provided as a valuable support for breast cancer identification.

Cloud computing is a new technology which managed by a third party “cloud provider” to provide the clients with services anywhere, at any time, and under various circumstances. In order to provide clients with cloud resources and satisfy their needs, cloud computing employs virtualization and resource provisioning techniques. The process of providing clients with shared virtualized resources (hardware, software, and platform) is a big challenge for the cloud provider because of over-provision and under-provision problems. Therefore, this paper highlighted some proposed approaches and scheduling algorithms applied for resource allocation within cloud computing through virtualization in the datacenter. The paper also aims to explore the role of virtualization in providing resources effectively based on clients’ requirements. The results of these approaches showed that each proposed approach and scheduling algorithm has an obvious role in utilizing the shared resources of the cloud data center. The paper also explored that virtualization technique has a significant impact on enhancing the network performance, save the cost by reducing the number of Physical Machines (PM) in the datacenter, balance the load, conserve the server’s energy, and allocate resources actively thus satisfying the clients’ requirements. Based on our review, the availability of Virtual Machine (VM) resource and execution time of requests are the key factors to be considered in any optimal resource allocation algorithm. As a results of our analyzing for the proposed approaches is that the requests execution time and VM availability are main issues and should in consideration in any allocating resource approach.

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer that plagues females. Mortality from breast cancer could be reduced by diagnosing and identifying it at an early stage. To detect breast cancer, various imaging modalities can be used, such as mammography. Computer-Aided Detection/Diagnosis (CAD) systems can assist an expert radiologist to diagnose breast cancer at an early stage. This paper introduces the findings of a systematic review that seeks to examine the state-of-the-art CAD systems for breast cancer detection. This review is based on 118 publications published in 2018–2021 and retrieved from major scientific publication databases while using a rigorous methodology of a systematic review. We provide a general description and analysis of existing CAD systems that use machine learning methods as well as their current state based on mammogram image modalities and classification methods. This systematic review presents all stages of CAD including pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. We identify research gaps and outline recommendations for future research. This systematic review may be helpful for both clinicians, who use CAD systems for early diagnosis of breast cancer, as well as for researchers to find knowledge gaps and create more contributions for breast cancer diagnostics.

Breast cancer detection using mammogram images at an early stage is an important step in disease diagnostics. We propose a new method for the classification of benign or malignant breast cancer from mammogram images. Hybrid thresholding and the machine learning method are used to derive the region of interest (ROI). The derived ROI is then separated into five different blocks. The wavelet transform is applied to suppress noise from each produced block based on BayesShrink soft thresholding by capturing high and low frequencies within different sub-bands. An improved fractal dimension (FD) approach, called multi-FD (M-FD), is proposed to extract multiple features from each denoised block. The number of features extracted is then reduced by a genetic algorithm. Five classifiers are trained and used with the artificial neural network (ANN) to classify the extracted features from each block. Lastly, the fusion process is performed on the results of five blocks to obtain the final decision. The proposed approach is tested and evaluated on four benchmark mammogram image datasets (MIAS, DDSM, INbreast, and BCDR). We present the results of single- and double-dataset evaluations. Only one dataset is used for training and testing in the single-dataset evaluation, whereas two datasets (one for training, and one for testing) are used in the double-dataset evaluation. The experiment results show that the proposed method yields better results on the INbreast dataset in the single-dataset evaluation, whilst better results are obtained on the remaining datasets in the double-dataset evaluation. The proposed approach outperforms other state-of-the-art models on the Mini-MIAS dataset.

Gene expression profiles could be generated in large quantities by utilizing microarray techniques. Currently, the task of diagnosing diseases relies on gene expression data. One of the techniques which helps in this task is by utilizing deep learning algorithms. Such algorithms are effective in the identification and classification of informative genes. These genes may subsequently be used in predicting testing samples' classes. In cancer identification, the microarray data typically possesses minimal samples number with a huge feature collection size which are hailing from gene expression data. Lately, applications of deep learning algorithms are gaining much attention to solve various challenges in artificial intelligence field. In the present study, we investigated a deep learning algorithm based on the convolutional neural network (CNN), for classification of microarray data. In comparison to similar techniques such as Vector Machine Recursive Feature Elimination and improved Random Forest (mSVM-RFE-iRF and varSeIRF), CNN showed that not all the data have superior performance. Most of experimental results on cancer datasets indicated that CNN is superior in terms of accuracy and minimizing gene in classifying cancer comparing with hybrid mSVM-RFE-iRF.