PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) is a common endocrine disorder that affects 8–13% of women of reproductive age. Increased body weight and insulin resistance may be associated with chronic inflammation, which increases the risk of cardiovascular complications. CRP (C-reactive protein) tests may be use to assess persistent inflammation. Elevated CRP levels may be associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Determination of hsCRP, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, can be used to assess cardiovascular risk in women with PCOS. In this study, 120 women between the ages of 18 and 42 were divided into two groups: patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 80) and regular menstruating women in whom PCOS was excluded (n = 40). Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism parameters and hsCRP levels were assessed, followed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for hsCRP, where metabolic syndrome was the dependent variable. For hsCRP, the cutoff point was 1.44 (mg/dL). Sensitivity for the cutoff point was 0.913 and specificity was 0.691. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.851 (p < 0.000). The closer the AUC value is to unity, the better the predictive ability of the studied variable. There was also a statistically significant correlation between hsCRP levels and the presence of metabolic syndrome.

Adipose tissue is a multifunctional endocrine organ. One of the biologically active substances is vaspin, which is part of the serpin family. The purpose of the following study is to determine the possibility of using vaspin as a prognostic and risk factor in endometrial cancer. The study included 127 patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. To determine the value of adipokine, the study used Kaplan-Meier curves to estimate patients survival. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed simultaneously using the Cox regression model. Tissue expression of vaspin was assessed in patients from the study group (endometrial cancer) and the control group (non-cancerous). We found that higher levels of vaspin are found in obese people, with lower staging (FIGO I and II), lower grading (G1), no LVSI metastases and no lymph node metastases. Higher serum vaspin levels are an independent protective factor for endometrial cancer. We concluded that endometrial cancer patients with serum vaspin concentrations above the median have longer DFS compared to patients with concentrations below the median. Considering multivariate analysis, vaspin concentrations above the median are independent favourable prognostic factors for endometrial cancer. Tissue expression of vaspin cannot be a histological marker to distinguish between cancer and non-cancerous lesions and between different grading levels.

Background: Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder associated with considerable phenotypic variability and lifelong multisystem comorbidities. Beyond somatic manifestations, TS may substantially affect physical, psychological, and social functioning, highlighting the need for comprehensive assessment of quality of life in affected women. Methods: This observational comparative study included 30 adult women with genetically confirmed Turner syndrome and 43 age-matched healthy controls. Quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire, with clinical, anthropometric, and psychosocial variables analyzed as potential predictors using correlation and multivariable regression analyses. Results: Women with Turner syndrome were significantly shorter than controls and more frequently affected by hypothyroidism, cardiac defects, and hearing impairment. They scored lower on SF-36 domains of general health, vitality, social functioning, and mental health, while exhibiting higher BDI-II depressive symptoms. Quality of life correlated negatively with comorbidity burden and depressive symptoms, positively with final height, and was lower in patients with hearing impairment, highlighting the multifactorial determinants of well-being in TS. Conclusions: Health-related quality of life in women with Turner syndrome is shaped by a complex interplay of somatic burden, psychological well-being, and social functioning. Depressive symptoms, comorbidities, stature, and hearing impairment significantly influence outcomes, emphasizing the need for holistic, multidisciplinary care that extends beyond medical management.

Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) are widely prescribed for erectile dysfunction; however, growing evidence indicates that their pharmacological effects extend beyond urological indications and involve multiple organ systems. This narrative review aims to synthesize and critically evaluate current evidence on the systemic effects of PDE5 inhibitors across cardiovascular, renal, neurological, and urological domains, as well as emerging therapeutic indications. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published up to May 2024, including preclinical studies, clinical trials, observational studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. The reviewed evidence demonstrates that PDE5 inhibitors are associated with reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, improvements in cardiac and pulmonary hemodynamics, preservation of renal function in diabetic populations, potential neuroprotective effects against cognitive decline and ischemic stroke, and symptomatic improvement in benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms. Additional benefits have been reported in conditions characterized by vascular dysfunction, such as angina pectoris and Raynaud’s phenomenon. Overall, PDE5 inhibitors represent a pharmacologically versatile drug class with clinically relevant systemic effects beyond erectile dysfunction, supporting their potential role as adjunctive therapies in broader disease management, although further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to inform clinical guidelines.

Background and Clinical Significance: The 45,X0/46,XY mosaic karyotype is categorized as a disorder of sex development and can lead to atypical sexual development. Latent mosaicism involving Y chromosomal segments may be much more prevalent than previously assumed, according to a growing number of findings. This primarily depends on how sensitive cytogenetic methods are—such as traditional karyotype screening, FISH methods, or molecular analyses. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 10-week-old infant with hermaphroditic external genitalia. During pregnancy, ultrasonography revealed severe fetal development difficulties, including severe widespread edema. An abnormal 45,X0/46,XY mosaic karyotype was discovered during a genetic amniocentesis conducted during the 16th week of pregnancy. The infant was born in average general condition at 39 + 6 weeks of gestation. Physical examination of the infant revealed features of facial dysmorphia, webbed neck, and hermaphroditic external genitalia. The testicle was palpable on the left side, but the gonad was absent on the right. Laboratory tests revealed a typical hormonal profile of the mini-puberty period in boys. Moreover, a hormone panel and thyroid ultrasound were performed; congenital hypothyroidism was diagnosed. Three separate independent sources of biological material were used in cytogenetic analysis to determine the karyotype: skin fibroblasts (to confirm tissue mosaicism), oral epithelial cells (FISH), and peripheral blood lymphocytes. It showed that a mosaic occurred very early in embryogenesis by confirming the existence of karyotypes 45,X and 46,XY in various tissues (mosaic tissue distribution). Conclusions: Tissue mosaicism should be compared to the analysis of tissues from other embryonic origins, including blood and oral tissue. Support for gender identity and treatment decisions, including the prediction of the future risk of gonadoblastoma, as well as multidisciplinary care, is necessary.

Background and Clinical Significance: In a single phenotypically female patient, we describe the rare co-occurrence of partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) is one of disorder of sex development (DSD) with a 46 XY karyotype. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a genetic defect in adrenal steroidogenesis. Case presentation: We present the case of a 26-year-old female patient who was observed to have abnormally formed external genitourinary organs. She was diagnosed at the neonatal period. Tests performed showed a 46 XY karyotype, an absence of sex chromatin with a weakly positive DNA test for the SRY gene, an absence of uterine primordium with the presence of male gonads in the perineal skin folds, and a urethral outlet at the base of an undeveloped genital process. The daily urinary steroid excretion profile was normal. The patient was diagnosed with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS). As a 4-year-old child, she underwent a bilateral gonadectomy due to possible further virilization and also the risk of testicular malignancy. Despite treatment, progressive androgenization was observed, the cause of which turned out to be congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in the course of P450 oxidoreductase (POR) disorder. Conclusions: In this article, we highlight the exceptional rarity of the co-occurrence of PAIS and CAH, underscoring the need for a multidisciplinary and individualized approach in the absence of clear guidelines regarding surgical timing and gender identity. Careful clinical evaluation and ongoing observation are essential for accurate diagnosis and optimal patient care.