Biogenic metallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) are nanostructure materials synthesized through biological processes that have gained significant attention due to their small size and high surface area-to-volume ratio. BMNPs have several advantages over chemically synthesized ones due to their eco-friendly synthesis regimen, sustainability, biocompatibility, and diverse multifarious biomedical applications. Moreover, the superior cytocompatibility and stability due to the capping layer over metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), reduces the like hood of toxicity and side effects, making them a safer alternative to traditional drug delivery methods. Among several promising applications of BMNPs, their antibacterial activity, analytical sensing of heavy metals, and their roles in food preservations have been widely explored. In addition, to drug delivery and imaging, BMNPs have also been investigated for therapeutic activity such as antimicrobial efficacy against the skin and soft tissue nosocomial pathogens and targeting cancer cells in cancer therapy. The present review bestows several characterization techniques involved with MNPs and compressive aspects of the biogenic synthesis of MNPs using agricultural and biological materials, which reduces the cost of synthesis and minimizes the use of hazardous chemicals. The review also focuses on the multifold applications of BMNPs including biomedical, analytical, preservation of food, and in other consumable goods with toxicological aspects.

Pectin hydrogels have emerged as a highly promising medium for the controlled release of pharmaceuticals in the dynamic field of drug delivery. The present review sheds light on the broad range of applications and potential of pectin-based hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations. Pectin, as a biopolymer, is a versatile candidate for various drug delivery systems because of its wide range of properties and characteristics. The information provided on formulation strategies and crosslinking techniques provides researchers with tools to improve drug entrapment and controlled release. Furthermore, this review provides a more in-depth understanding of the complex factors influencing drug release from pectin hydrogels, such as the impact of environmental conditions and drug-specific characteristics. Pectin hydrogels demonstrate adaptability across diverse domains, ranging from applications in oral and transdermal drug delivery to contributions in wound healing, tissue engineering, and ongoing clinical trials. While standardization and regulatory compliance remain significant challenges, the future of pectin hydrogels appears to be bright, opening up new possibilities for advanced drug delivery systems.

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems represent a transformative advancement in targeted therapeutics, providing meticulous drug delivery, enhanced bioavailability, and diminished side effects. However, designing nanoparticles (NPs) optimal for specific drugs and diseases remains a complex challenge. The advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have provided innovative approaches to design and optimize these systems, improving their efficacy and adaptability. This review encompasses the integration of AI in the conceptualization and development of NP drug delivery systems, signifying its potential to revolutionize the field. The review discusses the different AI methods such as machine learning, neural networks, and optimization algorithms that simplify the fabrication of NPs with tailored characteristics such as size, surface chemistry, and drug release profiles. AI can also standardize these characteristics to enhance drug loading capacity, targeting specificity, and controlled release at the chosen site of action. AI-based predictive modeling enables the quick screening of numerous parameters, thus quickening the discovery of optimal NP configurations tailored to specific therapeutic needs. Furthermore, the review also discusses the case studies where AI has efficaciously forecasted NP behavior in biological environments, crucial for enhanced targeting and diminished off-target effects. The amalgamation of AI and nanotechnology not only streamlines the drug development process but also paves the way for personalized medicine. The review also entails the different challenges associated with implementing AI in this field, such as data quality, algorithm transparency, and regulatory specifications. By utilizing AI, researchers and healthcare providers can unlock new potentials in novel drug delivery systems, ultimately advancing the precision and effectiveness of treatments for various diseases. Finally, the review discusses the future directions of AI-based NP design, highlighting its benefits to transform drug delivery and augment patient outcomes.