Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a familiar and destructive clinical condition characterized by progressive, swift and impaired pulmonary state. It leads to mortality if not managed in a timely manner. Recently the role of imbalanced macrophage polarization has been reported in ARDS. Macrophages are known for their heterogeneity and plasticity. Under different microenvironmental stimuli, they (M0) can switch between classically activated macrophage (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) states. This switch is regulated by several signaling pathways and epigenetic changes. In this review, the importance of macrophage M1 and M2 has been discussed in the arena of ARDS citing the phase-wise impact of macrophage polarization. This will provide a further understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in ARDS and will help in developing novel therapeutic targets. Various biomarkers that are currently used concerning this pathophysiological feature have also been summarized.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a lethal respiratory disorder; directed uncontrolled inflammation, sloughing of the alveolar cells and their diffusion, and altered cardiorespiratory parameters with a global mortality rate of 40%. This study was designed to assess the preventive effect of a polyherbal decoction (Bronco T, 1.5 g/kg b. w.) on cardiorespiratory variables in oleic acid-induced ALI in rats. Oleic acid increases the level of neutrophil infiltration leading to pulmonary edema and alters the cardiorespiratory dynamics. The adult male rats were surgically cannulated and treated with intravenous oleic acid (0.38 ml/kg b. w.) to establish the ALI model. Bronco T was pre-administered orally 3 hours before oleic acid. The biophysical, histological, biochemical, and molecular effects were compared with dexamethasone (5 mg/kg b. w. i. p.). The animals were randomly divided into control, lethal, standard, and treatment groups. Respiratory frequency (RF), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded on a computerized chart recorder; arterial blood sample was collected to determine PaO₂/FiO₂, TNF-α, and MPO. Lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity were evaluated to measure oxidative stress in bronchoalveolar lavage. Additionally, the pulmonary water content, COX-2 expression and histological examination were determined in the lung. A molecular docking study of the active phytoconstituent of BT obtained from HR-LCMS analysis against reported targets (IL-6, COX-2, TNFα, MPO and ENaC) of ALI was carried out. The B.T. pretreatment prevents mortality in comparison to the oleic acid group. It protects the lungs and heart from the detrimental effect of oleic acid, on par with dexamethasone. COX-2 mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated in the treatment group. The reduced level of TNF-α, MPO, SOD and catalase supported the protective effect of B.T. The in silico study revealed strong binding interaction between the phytoconstituent (Galangin 3- [galactosyl-(1–4)-rhamnoside and Beta solamarine] of BT and the reported target. The B.T. pre-administration attenuates the oleic acid-induced mortality and cardiorespiratory toxicity.

Lymphedema is clinically manifested as swelling due to abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid attributed to inefficient fluid uptake and reduced lymphatic flow. Here we have evaluated the effect of Cyperus rotundus root (CRR) ethanolic extract in a mouse tail model of lymphedema and hypothesized that Cyperus rotundus plant known for its anti-inflammatory effect through inhibition of TNF alpha will be effective in managing this condition. The skin was removed after leaving 1cm of distance from the base of the trunk. Cut was introduced in sterile condition. The animals were divided into Experimental control(EC) and Cyperus rotundus (CRR) treated groups. A change in tail volume around the wound was monitored upto the 20 days. Kinetics of the swelling was calculated for statistical significance. Further TS of upper part of the wound was stained with H&E stain and documented for histological changes RESULTS: In EC group, gradual rise in swelling was recorded, which peaked on 10 ^th day and continued up to 15 ^th day, followed by gradual decrease. In CR extract treated group, the swelling was significantly low and peak was obtained on 8 ^th day, while in EC group the swelling was significantly higher and peak was obtained 11 ^th day. The histological section show, fibrous band intersection the lobules of adipocyte and lymphatic vascular channel and muscles in the sub epithelium region in the EC group, which was very less in CRR group. CONCLUSIONS: Polar fraction of CRR significantly prevents the progress of lymphedema and which lays an important role of this plant as for the drug development in future.