Tourism has played an influential role in the global economies. It is considered the third largest socio-economic sector and contributes about 9% to the world economy’s GDP. Tourism enhances investments, creates job opportunities, harnesses entrepreneurship, and secures heritage and cultural values and norms. However, tourism faces serious challenges in developing countries, especially in Pakistan. Therefore, the main aim of the current study is to examine the influential factors that affect the tourism sector and exhibit the nexus between tourism and economic development in Pakistan. The study collected data from the Global Terrorism Index (GTI), Pakistan Tourism Statistics, and the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) for the period from 1995 to 2017. The results of the study present that terrorism, which hampers peace and certainty, tourism expenditure and inflation rate, has a strong influence on the tourism sector in Pakistan. Moreover, the study also disclosed that tourism boosts the long-term macro-economic factors and leads to the economic development of Pakistan.

Purpose: One aspect of agency theory suggests that dominant shareholders use the firm’s assets for their personal benefits and 1thus expropriate minority shareholders (tunneling). Accordingly, this paper aims to examine the effect of capital structure and cash holding decisions on minority shareholders' expropriation for short and long periods. Design/methodology/approach: Data of 16 years (2000-2015) has been obtained from 200 non-financial firms registered at Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). The study used fixed effect and autoregressive distributed lagged to obtain the results. Findings: The results suggest that the presence of more debts in capital structure is positively associated with minority shareholders' expropriation, whereas a negative association has been found between the level of cash holding and minority shareholders expropriation. These results have been observed as significant both for the short and long run. Research limitations/implications: This study also suggests some important measures to control minority shareholders' expropriation by the dominant shareholders and thus to protect their rights. Originality/value: There is a lack of literature for this severe issue in the developing countries especially Pakistan, so this study narrates the potential measures to the regulatory authority of the market to curb tunneling and to protect minority shareholders.

This study aims to look at how capital inflows affect economic growth in South Asian countries. Gross Domestic Savings (GDS), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Foreign Portfolio Equity Investment (FPEI), Foreign Debts (F.Debts), and Foreign Aids (F.Aids) are the study's independent variables, while Gross Domestic Product Growth (GDPG) is the dependent variable. Data has been collected from World development Indicator and Quandl from 1980 to 2018. To analyse the data Panel ARDL (PMG) model was utilised. Gross domestic savings, foreign direct investment, and foreign aid, all exhibit positive and strong long-term connections with GDP growth. Results also revealed that there are negative and strong long-run links between GDP, Foreign Portfolio Equity Investment, and Foreign Aids. There are negative and insignificant links between GDP growth, Foreign Direct Investment, and Foreign Aids. Results also reveal the positive and insignificant connections between GDP and GDS, FPEI, and foreign debt. The data imply that institutional improvement has an impact on capital inflows and economic growth. The study has policy implications for government and policymakers in the sense that capital flows and economic growth can improve the institutional environment.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the impact of profitability, firm size, and investment opportunities on earning quality of companies in Pakistan. For this purpose, 100 non-financial companies were selected from the top industries of Pakistan registered on the Pakistan Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2021. This study has taken earning quality as a dependent variable, while profitability, firm size and investment opportunities are used as the independent variables. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: For the purpose of investigation, descriptive statistics are presented and the multi co-linearity test, Hausman test, and random effect regression model are conducted. A purposive sampling technique is used in this research. Findings: The research indicates that the profitability and investment opportunities have a significant and positive effect on earning quality of the companies. On the other side, the research demonstrated that the firm size has a significant negative effect on earning quality. The reason behind this relation is that the large-scale firms expands their discretionary accruals and manipulate the earnings as they want to show the healthy financial circumstances of the company in the market, so that they can attract investors. Therefore, by doing this manipulation, earning quality is impacted, which indicates the negative effect of firm size. Implications/ Originality/ Value: This study would help the investors and stakeholders to better understand the financial condition of the non-financial companies of Pakistan before investment. Depending upon all the results, it is recommended that all companies must improve their earning quality and present it without manipulation so that the investors and other stakeholders can make more investments and profits.