Pyometra is the most common disease found in adult intact female dogs, caused by acute or chronic suppurative bacterial infection of the uterus and is characterized by accumulation of inflammatory exudates in the uterine lumen with diverse clinic-pathological manifestation either locally or systemically. Disease is frequently noticed in adult female dog in luteal phase of estrous cycle during which progesterone level is high (progesterone sensitized uterus) and thus playing key role in pathogenesis. The preliminary diagnosis of pyometra is determined by case history, physical examination findings and laboratory test results in combination with radiography or/and ultrasonography showing a fluid-filled enlarged uterus. A late diagnosis of pyometra, when kidney failure has already occurred, may result in irreversible damage to the kidneys. Effects of sepsis and endotoxaemia can further cause multi-organ dysfunctions, but despite being a potentially life-threatening illness. In this communication, ultrasonography as an accurate procedure for the qualitative and quantitative examination and diagnosis of canine pyometra has been described.

Brucella canis, a zoonotic agent, primarily infects dogs and wild Canidae. Infection is notably suspected in dogs exhibiting epididymitis, infertility, or diskospondylitis. Recent reports indicate a growing incidence of Brucella canis infections in dogs, particularly among those imported into the UK from Eastern Europe. Although human infections by B. canis are relatively uncommon, clinical manifestations are typically mild, yet severe cases can potentially lead to septicemia. The disease in humans is incurable and spreads through contact with fluids from infected animals. Various diagnostic protocols, including Real-time PCR, Rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT), and Complement fixation test (CFT), are employed for the diagnosis of canine brucellosis. These serological tests play a crucial role in diagnosing canine brucellosis. Given the potential zoonotic risks, it is imperative to consistently include B. canis in diagnostic algorithms for canine diseases.

The livestock sector is a vital component of India's agricultural economy, providing essential support to rural communities and ensuring food security. Efficient reproductive performance is critical to sustaining livestock productivity, yet age-related declines in both male and female fertility pose significant challenges. The current review highlights that male reproductive efficiency is closely tied to semen quality, which deteriorates with age due to oxidative stress, leading to reduced fertilizing capacity and embryonic developmental potential. Similarly, female reproductive longevity is predominantly influenced by ovarian health, which declines with age due to diminished oocyte quality and quantity. This decline is exacerbated by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to reproductive senescence and reduced offspring viability. Understanding the mechanisms of reproductive aging and developing strategies to mitigate its effects are crucial for enhancing livestock productivity and sustaining the agrarian economy.

Gastric ulcer is a significant clinical issue in dogs, with higher prevalence in mature animals and often occurs secondary to systemic diseases such as hepatic or renal disorders, Addison’s disease or shock. This case report highlights a four-and-a-half-year-old intact male Rottweiler presented with persistent vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain and anemia. Diagnostic imaging, including radiography, ultrasonography and endoscopy, revealed gastric ulceration and the presence of radiopaque lead pellets in the pyloric region of the stomach. Histopathological examination confirmed extensive gastric mucosal damage.Treatment included the elimination of lead, fluid therapy and administration of proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics and mucosal protectants. Incorporating psyllium husk into the diet helped to enhance lead excretion. Follow-up imaging after two weeks showed absence of lead pellets and normal gastric mucosa. This case underscores the importance of comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for chronic gastric ulcers in dogs, emphasising the role of multimodal imaging and targeted treatment strategies. Keywords: Dog, gastric ulcers, diagnostics, therapeutics

Probiotics are live microorganisms that offer numerous health benefits, particularly in maintaining gut health and reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal diseases. They can be found in fermented dairy products, in the form of pills, capsules, powders, and sachets. This paper explores the advantages of using commercial probiotics, including alleviating gastrointestinal pain, preventing gastrointestinal disorders, and enhancing immunity. Probiotics are associated with other axis systems; including gut-skin, gut-lung, gut-heart, and gut-metabolism, further highlighting their significance. It is evident that maintaining a balanced gut microbiota is crucial for overall health and any alteration in its composition can lead to the development of local or systemic disorders. In addition, fecal microbiota transplant has also shown promise in treating gastrointestinal disorders in animals. Therefore, this paper emphasizes the role of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplant in preserving gut health and reducing the occurrence of gastrointestinal diseases.