The spinning industry makes a major contribution to environmental pollution due to the excessive use of natural assets and the generation of remarkable amounts of waste during manufacturing processes. Now, the spinning industries are concentrating on sustainable activities due to environmental issues. While textile recycling efforts have been widely explored, the utilization of soft waste (process waste) in yarn production remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by investigating a sustainable approach incorporating soft waste into producing sustainable yarn using the ring-spinning technique. The research explores the properties of yarns manufactured from a blend of virgin cotton and soft waste, and 100% virgin cotton yarn is produced for comparison. The results indicate that incorporating soft waste leads to an increase in CVm% (13 vs. 11), hairiness (6.9 vs. 5.1), and IPI (165 vs. 125) compared to virgin cotton yarn. However, the elongation percentage (7.1% vs. 8%) and tensile strength (12.6 cN/tex vs. 16.2 cN/tex) showed a reduction, highlighting potential trade-offs in mechanical properties. The statistical analysis applies one-way ANOVA to evaluate the significance of variations in yarn characteristics made from the mixture of soft waste + virgin cotton and only virgin cotton. The manufactured yarns were examined in a modern weaving machine as weft yarn for fabric (denim) manufacturing and found to be perfect for normal operation. The article focuses on reducing negative impacts on the fabric (denim) manufacturing environment by incorporating soft waste to produce sustainable yarn. This research provides important insights into the production of sustainable yarns, focusing on environmental concerns.

The prime objective of this paper is to examine the direct and moderating role of remittances in the innovation-growth nexus in MICs. Middle-income countries (MICs) can drive global economic growth by utilizing 75% of the population through technological development and boosting GDP by over one-third of the total. However, using human resources effectively and maintaining technical advancement standards in response to rapid economic changes remain a significant challenge. The study utilizes the "2nd generation unit root test and the panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) and the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS)" approaches. The FGLS and "Dumitrescu-Hurlin (D-H)" causality tests are applied to confirm the robustness of the PCSE approach. The study highlights the distinct and interconnected effects of remittances and innovation on economic growth in MICs, emphasizing their mutually reinforcing role in sustained growth. The interactive span demonstrates that remittances functioned as a substitute in the innovation-growth association. Finally, the study reveals a bidirectional causal affiliation between remittances and economic growth and a unidirectional causal connection between economic growth and innovation. MICs should enhance remittance transfer systems, invest in innovation, enhance skills, utilize public-private partnerships for efficient allocation, and balance entrepreneurship with macroeconomic stability.

This study examines the structural dependence of Bangladesh’s textile and clothing industry (TCI) within the national production system and benchmarks it against Vietnam and Pakistan. Using an input–output framework, the analysis quantifies economy-wide losses in total output and gross value added (GVA) when the sector’s inter-industry linkages are hypothetically removed and simulates partial disruptions to assess short-run vulnerability. Under complete extraction, Bangladesh experiences the largest systemic losses—output declines by 18% and GVA by 13%—indicating deep intersectoral reliance on the TCI. Vietnam and Pakistan show smaller but meaningful impacts due to greater industrial diversification and upstream reliance on agriculture-based inputs, respectively. Backward dependence is strongest in Bangladesh, while Vietnam’s limited forward dependence reflects its export-oriented structure; Pakistan’s linkages remain concentrated upstream in raw-material supply. A 20% contraction scenario further highlights Bangladesh’s vulnerability compared to the other two countries, underscoring the TCI’s central role in propagating output and value-added across the economy. The comparative results indicate differentiated policy priorities: strengthening domestic intermediate textile production and supply-chain efficiency in Bangladesh; increasing domestic supplier participation in Vietnam’s export networks; and modernizing upstream input industries in Pakistan. JEL Classification: C67, D57, F14, O11, R15