This research investigates the impact of varying concentrations of silver oxide on the structure and morphology of phosphate bioactive glass (PBG). PBGs are gaining popularity as a potential replacement for traditional silicate glasses in biomedical applications due to their adjustable chemical resistance and exceptional bioactivity. Upon examination of the scanning electron microscope of the composites without Ag2O, it was observed that the grains tended to merge together, and the surface particles appeared to be larger than those in composites with Ag2O at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 wt%. The study found that the diffraction pattern of phosphate bioactive glass composites sintered without Ag2O showed the presence of Strontium di-phosphate and Calcium di-phosphate. The XRD pattern of these composites without Ag2O revealed specific planes that corresponded to both types of di-phosphate. However, when Ag2O was added, a new cubic phase was detected, and the intensity of the calcium and strontium diphosphate increased with higher Ag2O content. The XRD pattern of the composites with Ag2O displayed specific planes that corresponded to Ag2O. In other words, the absence of Ag2O in the composite material led to larger particle sizes and less distinct boundaries between grains. In addition, it has been found that, as the concentration of Ag2O increased from 0 to 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 wt%, the average crystallite size decreased from 36.2 to 31.7, 31.0, and 32.8 nm, respectively. These results suggest that the addition of Ag2O can effectively reduce the average crystallite size of the composite materials. Also, as the concentration of Ag2O increased from 0 g to 0.5 wt% within the composite material, the average lattice strain increased from 3.41·10-3 to 4.40·10-3. In simpler terms, adding Ag2O to the composite material resulted in a slight increase in the average lattice strain.

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This study investigates the influence of silver oxide (Ag2O) concentration on the optical characteristics of phosphate bioactive glasses (PBGs). PBGs have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional silicate glasses in the medical field due to their excellent bioactivity and chemical resistance. Samples with varying Ag2O concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75g) were sintered at 780°C for 2 hrs in an electric furnace. The samples were subjected to Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) tests to assess their functional groups and optical properties. By analyzing the FTIR spectrum of phosphate bioactive glass containing different amounts of Ag2O, it is possible to identify changes in the vibrational modes associated with Ag-O bonds and to gain insights into the structure and composition of the material. Because Ag-O bonds exhibit infrared vibrational modes, introducing Ag2O changed the FTIR spectrum. As Ag2O concentration increased, Ag-O vibrational modes strengthened, indicating more Ag-O bonds. UV-Vis spectroscopy, with increasing Ag2O concentration, the peak location shifted towards shorter wavelengths. Optical spectra show distinct UV absorption in the prepared glass spectrum, extending to near visible with increasing Ag2O content. The PL spectra peaks and band gap energies revealed that Ag2O altered the glass's electrical structure and optical activity. These discoveries help optimize metal-phosphate bi-active glass for biomedical implants and UV-blocking coatings. The melting-annealing technique prepared glasses based on the base host Na2O-CaF2-P2O5 system with increasing Ag2O as additives or loading (0.2 to 1 wt%).

Functional coatings for photovoltaic (PV) cover glass are often supported by optical, photocatalytic, wettability, or dust removal measurements, but these endpoints do not by themselves establish PV performance, field persistence, maintenance reduction, or environmental benefit. This critical conceptual review uses a structured, non-comprehensive evidence map of 56 primary studies published from 2006 to 2026 (46 PV-targeted and 10 boundary cases; 24 Si-Ti-containing studies) to examine how evidence moves from coating characterization to system-level outcomes. Optical and surface-functional evidence occurred in 51/56 (91.1%) and 50/56 (89.3%) studies, durability in 30/56 (53.6%), field or outdoor evidence in 24/56 (42.9%), PV performance evidence in 23/56 (41.1%), and coating-specific environmental outcomes in 3/56 (5.4%). Fifteen studies (26.8%) contained both field/outdoor exposure and PV performance evidence. Within the mapped corpus, PV performance evidence was positively associated with publication year (odds ratio 1.30 per year, 95% CI 1.10–1.53; p = 0.002), whereas the field/outdoor association was weaker (odds ratio 1.11, 95% CI 0.98–1.26; p = 0.095). The expanded map therefore supports a diagnosis of uneven, rather than absent, evidence translation. A two-track Evidence Translation Framework separates outcome evidence from mechanistic attribution and is used as a claim–audit architecture rather than a numerical quality score. The map is not presented as a prevalence census of the entire literature. Records without full-text verification are treated conservatively, and no formal inter-rater reliability is claimed.