The study analysed the asymmetry in the disclosure of environmental criteria of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standard based on financial and non-financial information in 37 companies in 19 sub-sectors of the Colombian economy that were assessed by MERCO (Business Monitor of Corporate Reputation) in 2017 and 2018 in terms of corporate reputation, responsibility, and corporate governance. It is based on the theories of agency, stakeholders, and legitimacy, whereby six hypotheses were postulated. The indicators of environmental criteria were retrieved from the website and sustainability reports of each company, using a dichotomous approach for collecting information on environmental activities. The hypotheses were contrasted with a binary choice and panel data models. The results showed that increasing quality and transparency in voluntarily disclosed information decreases its asymmetry, thereby meeting the information needs of stakeholders, providing confidence, and strengthening corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. In addition, the most indebted and largest companies disclose less information on environmental activities, in contrast to companies with higher solvency. Overall, the study contributed with the calculation of an asymmetry ratio with the MERCO indicators and the use of the insolvency risk variable as an explanatory variable for disclosure. Additionally, it contributed to the field of study of CSR from the Latin American context.

ResumenEl estudio analiza las características que motivan la revelación voluntaria sobre intangibles representativos de capital estructural organizativo de las organizaciones bancarias inscritas en las bolsas de valores: de Brasil y España. La contabilidad tradicional no se acerca al valor real de las organizaciones, obtenido por su capital intangible. Para mitigar la marcada diferencia entre el valor contable y el precio de mercado de estas organizaciones, ha surgido la tendencia a revelar informaciones voluntarias sobre sus recursos intangibles. La asimetría de la información, resultante de la no contabilización de los recursos estructurales organizativos, es estudiada por 2 perspectivas teóricas. La teoría de la agencia sugiere que la revelación voluntaria de informaciones reduce los costes de agencia. La teoría del coste del propietario presupone que revelar informaciones genera costes adicionales, así como la posibilidad de pérdida de sus ventajas competitivas. Esta investigación examina 174 informes anuales de 29 bancos, del 2006 al 2011. Se utilizó la técnica de regresión lineal múltiple, a través del método de mínimos cuadrados con datos de panel. Los resultados confirman las hipótesis de que los bancos de mayor tamaño, los más rentables y los más antiguos, están más motivados a revelar voluntariamente informaciones representativas de capital estructural organizativo.AbstractThe study analyzes the characteristics that motivate the voluntary disclosure on intangible representing organizational structural capital of the banking organizations registered on stock exchanges: Brazil and Spain. Traditional accounting is not approaching the real value of the organizations, obtained by its intangible capital. To mitigate the marked difference between the book value and the market price of these organizations, the trend to voluntary disclosures on their intangible resources has emerged. The asymmetry of information, resulting from not accounting for the organizational structural resources is studied by 2 theoretical perspectives. Agency theory suggests that the voluntary disclosure of information reduces agency costs. The theory of the cost of the owner assumes that reveal information generates additional costs, as well as the possibility of loss of its competitive advantages. This research examines 174 annual reports of 29 banks, from 2006 to 2011. The technique of multiple linear regressions using the method of least squares with panel data was used. The test results confirm the hypothesis that large banks, the most profitable and the oldest are more motivated to voluntarily disclose information representing organizational structural capital

This study aims at examining how B Corporations advance Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in their practices by analyzing the socioenvironmental problems they address and the solutions they provide to those problems. All Argentinian B Corporations, certified by early 2023 (135 companies), were investigated using a mixed approach, combining social network analysis with textual data analysis. The results showed that the environmental practices are primarily linked to waste, water, energy and chemical management, as well as product innovation. In turn, the social practices address the training, education, and well-being of employees and other stakeholders, diversity, equity and inclusion management, and the creation of an inclusive and fair environment, integrating local communities. Thus, in the flow of their sustainability practices, Argentinian B Corporations contribute to SDGs 8, 12, 13, 9, 6, 7, 5, 10, 11, 4, and 17, in line with the SDGs declared by these companies. Our findings contribute to the theoretical knowledge on the B Corp movement and have practical implications by providing input to improve the management of B Corporations and to guide public policies encouraging these companies to advance sustainable development dimensions lacking attention.

En este estudio se analiza el nivel de revelación de información voluntaria de activos intangibles; asimismo, identifica los factores que explican su divulgación por parte de los bancos que cotizan en la Bolsa de Valores de Panamá durante el periodo 2005-2009. La información es registrada en un índice que contiene 158 indicadores, distribuidos en cinco categorías: capital humano, estructural tecnológico, estructural organizativo, relacional del negocio y relacional social. Las tres hipótesis que se plantean son: H1 existe una relación positiva entre el tamaño y la extensión de revelación de información de activos intangibles; H1 existe una relación positiva entre los años de constitución y la extensión de revelación de información de activos intangibles; H1 existe una relación positiva entre el nivel de endeudamiento y la extensión de revelación de información de activos intangibles. Los resultados indican que para los bancos panameños es más importante revelar información sobre intangibles en el orden siguiente: capital relacional del negocio, relacional social, estructural organizativo, humano y estructural tecnológico. Cabe aclarar que H1 la fue aceptada excepto en la categoría capital estructural tecnológico; la H1 fue aceptada en todas sus categorías, mientras que la H1 fue rechazada.

Este artículo analiza los recursos intangibles revelados por parte de las empresas que cotizan en el mercado de valores de Panamá. Se estudian los factores que pudieran explicar la revelación de estos recursos. La necesidad de mayor transparencia por parte de las empresas cotizadas en este mercado bursátil es creciente, sobre todo por las propias presiones del mercado en el sentido del valor que pudiera ser percibido con la divulgación de estos recursos. El estudio se realiza desde las perspectivas de la teoría de agencia, la señalización y coste del propietario. Se analizó una muestra de 61 empresas, donde se utilizó un índice con 145 indicadores para medir la revelación de los recursos intangibles. Estos están distribuidos en cinco categorías de capital: humano, estructural tecnológico, estructural organizativo, relacional del negocio y relacional social. Cada indicador representa un recurso intangible de la organización y con ellos se desarrollaron modelos para medir la probabilidad de revelación de información de capital humano y capital relacional, componentes del capital intelectual. Los resultados indican que, para las empresas con mayores volúmenes de activos, rentabilidad operacional, nivel de endeudamiento y tiempo en el mercado, la probabilidad de revelación de sus recursos intangibles aumenta.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify new links between Integrated Reporting (IR) and Intellectual Capital (IC) fields, useful for sustainability and climate change disclosures with ISSB standards. Theoretical Framework: The literature that has integrated IC and IR fields has been developed, mainly from the IC research perspective, addressing a wide range of thematic specializations that emerge when analyzing the research areas. Design/Methodology/Approach: We developed a Structured Literature Review (SLR) of articles indexed in Scopus, which allowed us to build a specific analytical framework from emerging categories; we rely on AtlasTi and VOSviewer software. Findings: We found that the literature converges towards the following research areas: Reviews and reflections on the IR framework as a means for IC disclosure; Proposals to improve the IR framework and IR disclosures through IR; The IR framework and definition, measurement, and management of IC within organizations; disclosures of CI in contexts of practical adoption of RI; Disclosure of IC through IR, its determinants, and effects. Research, Practical & Social Implications: We identified the need to advance research under a performative approach, research on stakeholder satisfaction by revealing IC through IR and the relationship of IC with information related to sustainability in the new ISSB context. The paper identifies previously unexamined connections between IC and IR and proposes future avenues of research.   Originality/Value: This study raises the need for increased policy research to define a common language for presenting comparable IC information in ISSB sustainability reports. In addition, studies are needed to help identify IC information, other IR capital and metrics, which could represent material information for investors to assess sustainability-related risks and opportunities.