Numerous studies have used the 16S rRNA gene target in an attempt to characterize the structure and composition of the epimural microbiota in cattle. However, comparisons between studies are challenging, as the results show large variations associated with experimental protocols and bioinformatics methodologies. Here, we present a meta-analysis of the rumen epimural microbiota from 11 publicly available amplicon studies to assess key technical and biological sources of variation between experiments. Using the QIIME2 pipeline, 332 rumen epithelial microbiota samples were analyzed to investigate community structure, composition, and functional potential. Despite having a significant impact on microbial abundance, country of origin, farm, hypervariable region, primer set, animal variability, and biopsy location did not obscure the identification of a core microbiota. The bacterial genera Campylobacter, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Defluviitaleaceae UCG-011, Lachnospiraceae UCG-010, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-010, Ruminococcaceae UCG-014, Succiniclasticum, Desulfobulbus, and Comamonas spp. were found in nearly all epithelium samples (>90%). Predictive analysis (PICRUSt) was used to assess the potential functions of the epithelial microbiota. Regularized canonical correlation analysis identified several pathways associated with the biosynthesis of precursor metabolites in Campylobacter, Comamonas, Desulfobulbus, and Ruminococcaceae NK4A214, highlighting key metabolic functions of these microbes within the epithelium.

Amelioration of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance associated with obesity is a cardinal target for therapeutics. Therefore, we investigated the relation of Fibrilln-1 (FBN1) mRNA expression and hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate caboxykinase (PEPCK) enzyme to the ameliorative impact of oxytocin on obesity-induced diabetes, suggesting glycogenolysis markers in diabetic models. Four groups of forty male Wistar rats were formed (n = 10): a control group fed basal diet and intraperitoneal injections of saline; an oxytocin-injected group; a diet-induced obese group fed a high-fat/high-sugar diet and injected with saline; a diet-induced obese group injected with oxytocin. Depending on blood glucose levels, obese groups were further sub-grouped into prediabetic, and diabetic rats, with 5 rats each, at the ninth and the 16th week of the feeding period, respectively. FBN1 expression and PEPCK activity were determined using the qPCR technique and some biochemical parameters (glycemic, lipid profile, kidney, and liver functions) were determined using kits. Obese groups showed an elevation of brain FBN1 expression, high serum lipid profile, high glucose level, and a deleterious impact on liver and kidney functions. Obese groups showed the stimulator effect of the PEPCK enzyme and time-dependent pathological changes in renal and hepatic tissues. The motor activities were negatively correlated with FBN1 gene expression in prediabetic and diabetic rats. In addition to our previous review of the crucial role of asprosin, here we showed that oxytocin could ameliorate obesity-induced diabetes and decrease FBN1 gene expression centrally to block appetite. Oxytocin caused decreases in PEPCK enzyme activity as well as glycogenolysis in the liver. Therefore, oxytocin has a potential effect on FBN1 expression and PEPCK enzyme activity in the obesity-induced diabetic-rat model.

Infection is the major challenge facing the poultry industry resulting in high mortality. Therefore, phytobiotics attracted attention as natural alternatives to chemical growth promoters. Among the market phytobiotics, Moringa is common in Egypt; which has been previously shown to have anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the addition of Moringa Oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) in broiler diets in different levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters of broiler chickens. The trial was conducted with 150 one day old broiler chicks (Cobb) weighed and randomly distributed into 5 equal groups, each of 30 chicks. Diets were formulated to contain approximately the same level of crude protein (CP) (23% for starter, 20% for the grower, 18% for finisher) and metabolizable energy 3100 Kcal/kg. In the first group, birds were fed on the diet without the addition of MOLM and this group was assigned as control. Chicks in second, third, fourth, fifth groups were fed on the basal diets containing 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% MOLM (M1, M3, M5, and M7, respectively). The trial was extended for 6 weeks. The results showed that feed intake was not affected by the addition of MOLM. On the other hand, broilers fed on a diet containing 3% MOLM achieved higher body weight (2564 ±9.53 g; P < 0.001) and better feed conversion (1.59; P < 0.001) compared with other experimental groups. The supplementation of MOLM increased significantly (P = 0.03) dressed weight and dressing percentage (P = 0.07). Moreover, dressed weight were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in M3 group compared to control (+25% and +29%, respectively) and M1 (+29% and +28%, respectively) groups. Total serum protein and albumin levels did not differ among the experimental groups while levels of serum glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol showed different reactions to supplementation of diets with MOLM. In conclusion, the Addition of MOLM to the diet of broiler chicks improved growth performance and carcass traits. The best growth performance was observed in broilers fed on diets containing 3% MOLM.

The current work aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding organic acids (OA) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, blood parameters and immune response of broilers fed with a low protein diet (LPD). A total number of 68 broiler chicks (one-day-old) were randomly distributed into 4 equal groups each of 17 chicks. The first group was fed the basal diet (100% NRC crude protein (CP)) free from OA and considered as a control (T1). The other three groups (T2, T3 and T4) were fed on diets with different protein levels (95% NRC, 90% NRC & 85% NRC, respectively) and supplemented with OA at a level of 0.45%. The results showed that body weight and gain during starter phase (days 1-21) were not significantly (P = 0.7, P = 0.13, respectively) influenced by the supplementation of OA. However, during finisher phase (days 22-42) body weight and gain were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in OA groups (-18% and -24%, respectively). A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in abdominal fat content and the meat cholesterol, triglyceride, and fat mass of broiler breast and thigh meat, while protein content significantly (P < 0.05) increased in all OA supplemented groups. In conclusion, adding OA improved immune response through increased serum globulin, and an increase in bursa relative weight of broilers. Moreover, the addition of OA to broiler fed LPD has no effect on growth parameters and carcass traits but improves broiler immunity and produces healthy meat to consumers