This project sought to identify Medicaid members with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in five states (Delaware, Iowa, Massachusetts, New York, and South Carolina) to develop a cohort for subsequent analyses of medical conditions and service utilization. We estimated that over 300,000 Medicaid members in these states had IDD. All members with diagnostic codes for IDD were identified and the three most frequent diagnoses were unspecified intellectual disability, autism or pervasive developmental disorder, and cerebral palsy. The percentage of Medicaid members with IDD ranged from 2.3% in New York to 4.2% in South Carolina. Identifying and characterizing people with IDD is a first step that could guide public health promotion efforts for this population.

Background: Women with intellectual disabilities have the same rate of breast cancer as other women but are less likely to undergo screening mammography. Characteristics associated with mammography for women with intellectual disabilities in the United States are unknown. Methods: This study was based on a secondary data analysis of the Massachusetts Department of Developmental Services database, comparing women who had a mammogram within 2 years with women who had not on variables related to the ecological model. Bivariate analyses, logistic regression, and assessment of interactions were performed. Results: The study sample's (n = 2907) mean age was 54.7 years; 58% lived in 24-hour residential settings, 52% received nursing health coordination, and more than 25% had clinical examination needs (eg, sedation). Residential setting, health coordination, and recent influenza vaccination were all associated with mammography. Having a guardian, higher level of activities of daily living needs, and examination needs (requiring sedation or limited wait time for examinations) were associated with lower rates. Interactions between health coordination and examination needs confirmed the potential of the nurse to ameliorate barriers to mammography. Conclusion: Several system-level variables were significantly associated with mammography and, in some cases, seemed to ameliorate intrapersonal/behavioral barriers to mammography. Community agencies caring for intellectually disabled women have potential to impact mammography rates by using health coordination.

A retrospective data analysis using 2004–2014 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample was conducted to examine in-hospital mortality among adults with autism spectrum disorders in the United States compared to individuals in the general population. We modeled logistic regressions to compare inpatient hospital mortality between adults with autism spectrum disorders (n = 34,237) and age-matched and sex-matched controls (n = 102,711) in a 1:3 ratio. Adults with autism spectrum disorders had higher odds for inpatient hospital mortality than controls (odds ratio = 1.44, 95% confidence interval: 1.29–1.61, p < 0.001). This risk remained high even after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, number of comorbidities, epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidities, hospital bed size, hospital region, and hospitalization year (odds ratio = 1.51, 95% confidence interval: 1.33–1.72, p < 0.001). Adults with autism spectrum disorders who experienced in-hospital mortality had a higher risk for having 10 out of 27 observed Elixhauser-based medical comorbidities at the time of death, including psychoses, other neurological disorders, diabetes, hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis collagen vascular disease, obesity, weight loss, fluid and electrolyte disorders, deficiency anemias, and paralysis. The results from the interaction of sex and autism spectrum disorders status suggest that women with autism spectrum disorders have almost two times higher odds for in-hospital mortality (odds ratio = 1.95, p < 0.001) than men with autism spectrum disorders. The results from the stratified analysis also showed that women with autism spectrum disorders had 3.17 times higher odds (95% confidence interval: 2.50–4.01, p < 0.001) of in-hospital mortality compared to women from the non–autism spectrum disorders matched control group; this difference persisted even after adjusting for socioeconomic, clinical, and hospital characteristics (odds ratio = 2.75, 95% confidence interval: 2.09–3.64, p < 0.001). Our findings underscore the need for more research to develop better strategies for healthcare and service delivery to people with autism spectrum disorders.

Background: Certain health characteristics place adults with intellectual disability at increased risk for osteoporosis. However, little data exist to describe how comorbid disease or medications affect screening patterns for these patients. Methods: We evaluated the relationship between bone density screening and the presence of risk factors using a secondary cross-sectional analysis of 5520 adults aged 19 years and older with the diagnosis of intellectual disability. Results: Of the sample, 22.9% received one or more bone density screenings (34.4% women, 13.3% men). Low screening rates in men prohibited the construction of a valid sex-specific multivariate model of the association between bone density screening and risk factors for osteoporosis. In women, when controlling for age the following factors were significantly associated with ever having bone density screening: use of antiepileptic medication (odds ratio [OR], 1.5) and vitamin D (OR, 3.4); recent receipt of a flu vaccine (OR, 1.4); and living in a 24-hour supported residential setting (OR, 1.3). A diagnosis of Down syndrome (OR, 0.72) was associated with decreased likelihood of screening. Conclusions: Many known risk factors for osteoporosis affected the likelihood of an adult with intellectual disability receiving screening, yet overall screening rates for adults with intellectual disabilities were lower than screening rates in the general population. Results suggest a need for increased provider awareness about bone density screenings in high-risk adults with intellectual disability, especially men, as well as men and women with Down syndrome.