The purpose of this study was to comparatively evaluate for the first time the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiurease effects of A. lycaonica extracts obtained using three extraction methods and five solvents followed by identification of the phenolic compounds obtained by Soxhlet extraction with ethyl acetate and maceration with chloroform that showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents with antioxidant and antiurease activity. The phenolic compounds were identified to be chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, dicaffeoylquinic acid, salicylic acid, luteolin, quercetin, naringenin, apigenin, and 8-hydroxy-salvigenin. Among the solvent extraction procedures, Soxhlet approach was found to have higher recoveries than other approaches. The results of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays showed that the 1:1 ethanol–water Soxhlet, ethanol ultrasonic bath, and ethyl acetate Soxhlet extraction methods had the highest DPPH antioxidant activities. The ethyl acetate Soxhlet extraction method showed the highest 2, 2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) antioxidant activity. In addition, the chloroform maceration extraction method exhibited the highest antiurease activity. Therefore, 1:1 Soxhlet ethanol–water, ultrasonic bath ethanol, and Soxhlet ethyl acetate extracts may be used in medicine and food production as natural antioxidant sources. In addition, maceration with chloroform may provide a potential antiurease agent.

Background/Objectives: Regardless of the underlying cause, wound infections are among the most common complications associated with wound formation. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in wound management. Due to their favorable therapeutic properties, alginate films have recently emerged as promising biomaterials for wound treatment. Methods: The petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol extracts of the endemic plant Stachys rupestris were prepared using the maceration technique. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts and the extract-loaded alginate film was evaluated by agar well diffusion and microdilution assays, while their antibiofilm activity was assessed by crystal violet staining in microplates. The anti-infective potential was investigated using the Caenorhabditis elegans infection model, the phytochemical composition was analyzed by HPLC-DAD, and cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT assay. The alginate film was prepared by the solvent casting method and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and light microscopy. Results: All extracts demonstrated antimicrobial activity, with the methanol extract exhibiting the most potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects. Quinic acid was identified as the major constituent. Both the methanol extract and the film displayed no cytotoxic effects and showed significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Conclusions: The S. rupestris methanol extract-loaded film exhibited strong antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties, indicating its potential as a valuable therapeutic agent in supporting wound healing.

Medicinal plants of the genus Hypericum L. have been widely used in both traditional and contemporary medicine for many years. According to the literature antimicrobial, anti-urease, anti-crystallization activities and toxicity studies of petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts from H.scabrum and H. triquetrifolium species have not reported yet. The purpose of this study is to investigate the biological activities of the extracts using in vitro and in silico techniques and to evaluate their chemical composition. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of the substances are also to be ascertained. The results showed that the methanol extracts were rich in total phenolic content. The extracts showed potent anti-urease, anti-crystallization and antimicrobial activity. Methanol extracts didn’t show toxicity in the normal cell line (L-929). Also, this work used HPLC-DAD to quantitatively assess the amounts of isorhamnetin, rutin, and chlorogenic acid in methanol extracts from both plants. Docking studies were performed with anticholinesterase, urease, cytochrome P450, lipoxygenase, myeloperoxidase, xanthine oxidase and NADPH enzymes and phenolics by using docking program. With a binding affinity of -10.3 kcal/mol, chlorogenic acid docks to the xanthine oxidase enzyme's active site. Rutin binds to the myeloperoxidase enzyme's active site with a binding affinity of -9,9 kcal/mol. With a binding affinity of -9,4 kcal/mol, the isorhamnetin docks to the active site of the myeloperoxidase enzyme. The drug likeness properties of the phenolics were predicted by SwissADME. According to Lipinski's five guidelines, it was found that the compounds didn’nt exhibit mutagenic and hepatotoxic effects. The findings indicate that methanol extracts exhibit biological activities.