The purpose of this study was to comparatively evaluate for the first time the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiurease effects of A. lycaonica extracts obtained using three extraction methods and five solvents followed by identification of the phenolic compounds obtained by Soxhlet extraction with ethyl acetate and maceration with chloroform that showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents with antioxidant and antiurease activity. The phenolic compounds were identified to be chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, dicaffeoylquinic acid, salicylic acid, luteolin, quercetin, naringenin, apigenin, and 8-hydroxy-salvigenin. Among the solvent extraction procedures, Soxhlet approach was found to have higher recoveries than other approaches. The results of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays showed that the 1:1 ethanol–water Soxhlet, ethanol ultrasonic bath, and ethyl acetate Soxhlet extraction methods had the highest DPPH antioxidant activities. The ethyl acetate Soxhlet extraction method showed the highest 2, 2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) antioxidant activity. In addition, the chloroform maceration extraction method exhibited the highest antiurease activity. Therefore, 1:1 Soxhlet ethanol–water, ultrasonic bath ethanol, and Soxhlet ethyl acetate extracts may be used in medicine and food production as natural antioxidant sources. In addition, maceration with chloroform may provide a potential antiurease agent.

Objective: The aim of this work was to develop and validate a rapid and simple high-performance liquid chromatography method with a diode- array detector (HPLC-DAD) for determination of favipiravir in bulk and tablet formulations. Methods: The chromatographic analysis was performed at 30 °C with a Poroshell 120EC-C18 column (4.6 x 50 mm, 2.7 µm). The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (90:10, v/v). The run time was 5 min at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Results: The proposed method was successfully validated in terms of precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) parameters. The calibration plot was linear over a concentration range of 10-100 µg/mL. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.58 µg/mL and 2.03 µg/mL, respectively. The average recovery values were found to vary from 99.45 percent to 104.29 percent. Conclusion: As a result, it was concluded that the developed method can be used successfully in the determination of favipiravir in pharmaceutical preparations.

Background: Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce ssp. brachycalyx P. H. Davis and Rhus coriaria L., which are Lamiaceae species, are used both as spices in food and medicinally. Lamiaceae species are known to contain high amounts of polyphenols. In this study, liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) was used for analysis of polyphenols in the plants. Under gradient elution with using 0.1% aqueous acetic acid solution and acetonitrile mobile phases, an Agilent Poroshell C18 reversed phase column was used for the simultaneous determination of 18 polyphenols, and separation was performed in 30 min. Pharmacokinetic properties of these polyphenols such as drug-like and toxicity were estimated using open-source software, pkCSM and SwissADME. Results: These compounds were determined to represent different classes of polyphenols, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarin and tannins. ADMET predictions of polyphenols indicated that these compounds are easily absorbed and do not have toxic effects. Conclusion: While the Rhus coriaria L. includes anthocyanidins, tannins, phenolic acid and flavonoids, the Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce ssp. brachycalyx P. H. Davis has phenolic acid, coumarin and flavonoids, according to these results. In silico ADME/Tox predictions revealed that these bioactive components are to be drug-like and non-mutagenic. These data are supportive for future analysis that can lead to their therapeutic use of the plants, suggesting that this species may be used as a natural medicinal source in the future after detailed analysis tests. Graphical

The present study aimed to prepare A. goniocephala chloroform extract and evaluate antioxidant and cytotoxic effects. Then, the nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized on the most efficient extracts and the biological activities of the free forms of the extracts were compared with the NPs forms. Antioxidant capacities of 14 extracts by column chromatography were found by FRAP, DPPH and CUPRAC methods. Again, the cytotoxic activities of all fractions were evaluated on MCF-7 and HT-29 cell lines using the XTT cell viability assay. Chitosan-tripolyphosphate (TPP) NPs were formed using the ionic gelation method of H and F extracts, which show the most active properties because of biological activities. The biological activities of the characterized NPs were also evaluated. The synthesized particle size of the NPs from two extracts obtained between 274.12 and 296.25 nm. The extract-encapsulation and loading-efficiency of the most active NPs were 77.6± 0.04% and 7.76± 0.01% for F extract and 10.2± 0.02% and 1.39± 0.07% for H extract, respectively. Anticancer activity of chitosan NPs gave better results compared to unencapsulated extracts. As a result, it was found that the A. goniocephala extract can be encapsulated in chitosan NPs and has an antioxidant and more anticancer effect than the free forms.

Background/Objectives: Thymus longicaulis subsp. chaubardii (TL) (Rchb.f.) Jalas is widely used in traditional Turkish medicine for respiratory, digestive and uro-genital disorders. The aim of this study was to determine its phytochemical profile and to evaluate its cytotoxic, genotoxic and acute oral toxicity effects. Methods: The phenolic composition of the methanolic extract was determined by HPLC-DAD. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated in NIH3T3 cells using MTT, comet and micronucleus assays. Acute toxicity was evaluated in rats at doses of 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight according to the OECD Guideline 420. Results: Rosmarinic acid (87.37 ± 5.39 µg/mg) was the major phenolic compound. TL extract showed >90% cell viability at 50–200 µg/mL, indicating no cytotoxicity. Comet assay revealed a slight increase in DNA damage at 100–200 µg/mL (p < 0.001), though significantly lower than the H₂O₂ group (p < 0.001). No significant (p > 0.05) effect was observed in the micronucleus assay between the treated groups. In rats, TL extract caused no mortality or behavioral changes over 14 days. No significant differences were observed in body or organ weights. Hematologically, platelet count increased (p < 0.001) and eosinophils decreased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). Biochemical tests showed lower ALT and AST levels (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) and significantly decreased triglycerides in the high-dose group (p < 0.001). Histopathological examination showed no organ damage. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that TL methanol extract is non-toxic up to 2000 mg/kg and exhibits no significant cytotoxic or genotoxic effects. These findings support its safe use and traditional medicinal value.