The design and evaluation of adaptive facades (AFs) have become increasingly complex due to advancements in morphology, control strategies, and adaptability techniques. This study introduces a Novel Kinetic Adaptive Facade (NKAF) incorporating photovoltaic (PV) panels and Plexiglas to enhance daylight and view performance in office buildings. The research focuses on two objectives: (1) the innovative design of the NKAF, and (2) dynamic assessment of its daylight performance using advanced simulation methodologies. Annual daylight simulations, conducted with Radiance and a cutting-edge dynamic-objects workflow, evaluated three adaptability strategies: blocking direct sunlight, tracking solar trajectories, and minimizing facade movement. Results indicate that the fully dynamic sun-blocking logic significantly improved useful daylight illuminance (UDI 100-3000 lux) from 49% to 90%. Additionally, post-processing with NSGA-II multi-objective optimization provided an optimal framework for annual performance, effectively balancing multiple design goals. This novel methodology enables the simulation of dynamic environments and facades, addressing a key gap in previous daylighting research.

Outdoor urban spaces are essential to residents’ well-being, yet their thermal comfort is increasingly compromised by urbanization and climate change. Although urban morphology has been widely studied, its effects on human thermal comfort within mi-croclimates remain inadequately understood. This study addresses this gap by exam-ining the interactions between urban morphology, microclimate, and pedestrian ther-mal comfort. We employed a systematic literature review guided by the PRISMA framework, alongside parametric thinking using General Morphological Analysis (GMA) to systematically explore how variations in urban form parameters influence microclimatic conditions and pedestrian thermal comfort. The study’s objectives were threefold: (1) to systematically analyze the existing literature, identify key trends, and uncover knowledge gaps; (2) to explore the psychological, physical, and social factors influencing thermal perception; and (3) to assess how urban morphological features affect microclimate and pedestrian thermal comfort. To address these challenges, we developed a novel framework, Design Tools, which quantitatively links urban mor-phology parameters, outdoor thermal indices, and pedestrian comfort. By prioritizing outdoor thermal comfort in urban design, this approach offers valuable insights to en-hance climate-responsive design strategies and improve pedestrian well-being amid the growing challenges of urban heat islands.

Daylight performance and visual comfort in educational buildings stem from the interplay between internal spatial configurations and external façade geometry, yet existing research often examines façades or interiors independently. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this systematic review analyzed 145 English‑language journal articles (2020–2025) addressing daylighting, building envelope, interior design, or visual comfort. Building on these insights, the study develops unconventional static façades – non‑mechanical, culturally adaptive, and nature‑inspired systems that optimize daylight direction, intensity, and spectral quality. Inspired by traditional Iranian architecture (Orosi windows, Moshabak) and biomimetic principles, these façades offer a low‑tech, cost‑effective alternative to dynamic systems without mechanical complexity or high maintenance. A conceptual framework for integrated interior–exterior design is proposed, coordinating façade morphology, mechanisms, and materials with interior layouts, finishes, and furniture arrangements to achieve balanced illumination, glare control, and human‑centered visual comfort. This approach demonstrates that effective daylight solutions emerge from coordinated interior–exterior interactions, requiring expert decision‑making and human‑centered design, rather than isolated technical fixes. It provides practical, affordable, and culturally grounded solutions for high‑comfort learning environments.

Urban heat stress threatens pedestrian thermal comfort in dense cities, amplified by climate change and urban form, yet the interactions between green roofs and vertical greenery systems and their implications for human thermal comfort remain insufficiently explored, as most studies examine them separately without human-centered outcomes. Following PRISMA 2020, this systematic review analyzed 144 articles retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science (search conducted in December 2025) covering the period 2020–2025 through bibliometric mapping, of which 46 studies were selected for qualitative synthesis. The review addresses three questions: (1) What are the individual and combined effects of green roofs and vertical greenery systems on pedestrian-level thermal comfort? (2) Which microclimatic mechanisms of green roofs and vertical greenery systems influence the physiological and perceptual responses of pedestrians? (3) How does urban morphology (street canyon geometry, building density, orientation) modulate the effectiveness of these green interventions? An integrated conceptual framework replaces linear cause-and-effect thinking with a systemic view where outdoor thermal comfort associated with green roof and vertical greenery interventions is understood as the convergence of human physiological, psychological, behavioral, and socio-cultural responses, with urban morphology as a key regulator and human adaptation as the central axis. This framework reveals that pedestrian responses vary across these dimensions; thus, no single solution fits all contexts. Effective cooling strategies must be assessed within specific climate zones and behavioral settings, replacing one-size-fits-all with context-specific, human-centered design. This framework underscores that nature-based solutions must be human-centered, providing a robust foundation for future research and policy. The findings are limited by an uneven geographic/climatic distribution of the reviewed evidence and a predominant reliance on indoor or laboratory-based evidence for fine-grained human physiological and psychological responses.