Benzothiazole (BTA) belongs to the heterocyclic class of bicyclic compounds. BTA derivatives possesses broad spectrum biological activities such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-proliferative, anti-diabetic, anti-convulsant, analgesic, anti-tubercular, antimalarial, anti-leishmanial, anti-histaminic and anti-fungal among others. The BTA scaffolds showed a crucial role in the inhibition of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA). In this review an extensive literature survey over the last decade discloses the role of BTA derivatives mainly as anticancer agents. Such compounds are effective against various types of cancer cell lines through a multitude of mechanisms, some of which are poorly studied or understood. The inhibition of tumour associated CAs by BTA derivatives is on the other hand better investigated and such compounds may serve as anticancer leads for the development of agents effective against hypoxic tumours.

Coumarin is an important six-membered aromatic heterocyclic pharmacophore, widely distributed in natural products and synthetic molecules. The versatile and unique features of coumarin nucleus, in combination with privileged sulfonamide moiety, have enhanced the broad spectrum of biological activities. The research and development of coumarin, sulfonamide-based pharmacology, and medicinal chemistry have become active topics, and attracted the attention of medicinal chemists, pharmacists, and synthetic chemists. Coumarin sulfonamide compounds and analogs as clinical drugs have been used to cure various diseases with high therapeutic potency, which have shown their enormous development value. The diversified and wide array of biological activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-fungal, antioxidant and anti-viral, etc. were displayed by diversified coumarin sulfonamides. The present systematic and comprehensive review in the current developments of synthesis and the medicinal chemistry of coumarin sulfonamide-based scaffolds give a whole range of therapeutics, especially in the field of oncology and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. In the present review, various synthetic approaches, strategies, and methodologies involving effect of catalysts, the change of substrates, and the employment of various synthetic reaction conditions to obtain high yields is cited.

Quinoxaline is a privileged pharmacophore that has broad-spectrum applications in the fields of medicine, pharmacology and pharmaceutics. Similarly, the sulfonamide moiety is of considerable interest in medicinal chemistry, as it exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities. Therefore, the therapeutic potential and biomedical applications of quinoxalines have been enhanced by incorporation of the sulfonamide group into their chemical framework. The present review surveyed the literature on the preparation, biological activities and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of quinoxaline sulfonamide derivatives due to their broad range of biomedical activities, such as diuretic, antibacterial, antifungal, neuropharmacological, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anticancer action. The current biological diagnostic findings in this literature review suggest that quinoxaline-linked sulfonamide hybrids are capable of being established as lead compounds; modifications on quinoxaline sulfonamide derivatives may give rise to advanced therapeutic agents against a wide variety of diseases.

The transition to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is critical for reducing the carbon footprint of the aviation sector while ensuring compatibility with current engines and infrastructure. Regulatory constraints, such as ASTM D7566, currently limit SAF blending to 50% in commercial flights, emphasizing the need for accurate evaluation of SAF properties to enable broader adoption. This review presents an updated overview of fuel studies evaluating key thermophysical and transport properties of hydrocarbon-based SAFs—including density, viscosity, specific energy, flash point, and thermal stability—with particular emphasis on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Among the MD simulations, the OPLS-AA force field demonstrates high accuracy in modeling liquid-phase hydrocarbons and shows strong agreement with experimental data. Coupled with MD engines like LAMMPS and GROMACS, it enables scalable and efficient simulations of SAF blends. Emerging research trends highlight integrative approaches that combine classical MD and machine learning (ML) in fuel property prediction, and force-field optimization to improve predictive capability. Future research in fuel is moving toward multi-force-field coupling using reactive frameworks such as ReaxFF for studying pyrolysis and oxidation, and data-driven experiments with in situ simulation feedback loops to accelerate SAF design and facilitate wider implementation in aviation.

1,2,3-Thiadiazoles, structurally active pharmacophores have attracted significant attention of synthetic chemists, medicinal and pharmaceutical researchers because of their versatile biological activities against various diseases such as herbicidal, insecticidal, antiviral, antitumor, antimicrobial, anticancer, plants activator and anti-amoebic activities. A literature survey of the last decade presented in this review article summarizes the major synthetic approaches, methodologies and strategies adopted for the synthesis of 1,2,3-thiadiazole scaffolds which will be help for medicinal chemists and pharmacists in future synthesis and development of novel therapeutic agents.