Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine level of awareness about proper disposal of unused medicine. It is a growing problem. People directly dispose unused medicines into waste or flush into sink. Finally, these improperly disposed medicines mix with wastewater leach out into sea water, ground water, drinking water and effect human and other forms of life and develop microbial resistance and accidental poising and various societal repercussion. Confusion exists in people about proper disposal of unused medicine. Despite of already available guidelines people very rarely follow proper disposal methods. Particularly in developing countries situation is very alarming. It is well established fact that knowledge and level of awareness play pivotal role for practice of proper disposal methods. Study Design: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Methodology: This study was conducted in Nawab Shah and its vicinities: Sakrand, Kaziahamed, Bachalpur, during September 2019 to May 2020. The number of participants were included in the study according Slovin's Formula. The simple random sampling method was used to select participants. The level of awareness about proper disposal of unused medicine of 400 participants was assessed through a well-designed questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed to the participants at their homes with the help of volunteers. The descriptive statistics were analyzed through latest version of MS excel 2016. Results: Out of 400, 320 (80%) of the participants admitted have no knowledge for proper disposal of unused medicines. 185 (46.25%) of the participants viewed throwing unused medicines into waste was correct. Whereas 176 (44%) of the participants believed improperly thrown medicines has no effect on environment. Conclusion: The level of knowledge about proper disposal of unused medicine was found very low in study participants. It is suggested government should incorporate guidelines about the harmful effects of improper disposal of unused medicines in curriculum at primary level of education.

Normal 0 false false false false EN-US X-NONE TH /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN;} Normal 0 false false false false EN-US X-NONE TH /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN;} Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks targeted therapies, creating a need for selective antiproliferative agents. We evaluated pongamol, a flavonoid from the roots of Millettia erythrocalyx Gagnep., against MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells, using the non-tumorigenic line MCF-10A as a normal-cell control. Pongamol preferentially reduced MDA-MB-231 viability (54.95 ± 7.08% versus 83.10 ± 6.34% at 200 µM after 24 h). After 72 h the IC50 was 65.83 ± 4.65 µM in MDA-MB-231 cells but approximately 200 µM in MCF-10A cells, giving a selectivity index of about 3. Network pharmacology identified 83 shared targets, with CDK1 among the protein–protein interaction hubs and Gene Ontology enrichment dominated by regulation of the G2/M transition. Pongamol inhibited proliferation (to 47% at 50 µM) and colony formation (to 31% of control at 25 µM), and induced G2/M arrest at 5 µM with a progressive increase in the sub-G1 population. In a cell-free assay, pongamol inhibited CDK1/cyclin B1 kinase activity (IC50 = 22.15 ± 4.23 µM), and docking predicted that it occupies the CDK1 ATP-binding site. These findings identify pongamol as a preferentially active, CDK1-inhibiting lead compound in the MDA-MB-231 model of TNBC, warranting validation in additional TNBC cell lines.

Atherosclerosis is a complex vascular disorder driven by oxidative stress, inflammation, and platelet activation. Agents capable of targeting multiple atherogenic pathways may provide improved therapeutic benefits. In this study, we evaluated the anti-atherogenic effects of chrysotoxine, a bibenzyl compound isolated from Dendrobium pulchellum, using in vitro models relevant to atherogenesis. Chrysotoxine significantly suppressed hemin-induced LDL oxidation by reducing lipid peroxidation and apolipoprotein modification. In an endothelial–monocyte co-culture model, chrysotoxine markedly attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte adhesion, indicating inhibition of endothelial inflammatory activation. Chrysotoxine also inhibited platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, ADP, and collagen in a concentration-dependent manner, with the strongest effects observed against arachidonic acid–mediated responses, suggesting modulation of the thromboxane pathway. Molecular docking analyses and cyclooxygenase activity assays further indicated that chrysotoxine may interact with both COX-1 and COX-2, exhibiting inhibitory activity in the low micromolar range. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that chrysotoxine modulates multiple key processes involved in atherogenesis, including oxidative LDL modification, vascular inflammation, and platelet activation. Although further in vivo studies are required, chrysotoxine represents a promising plant-derived candidate for the development of multi-target strategies against atherosclerotic disease.

Streptomycin sulphate (STP), an antibiotic that belongs to the aminoglycoside class, works by blocking the protein synthesis of the bacteria. This research presents a simple, fast, and cost-effective method for the analysis of the physicochemical parameters of STP used by three brands. The current study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, physical properties such as color, pH, and weight variations of brands containing STP were evaluated using simple aesthetic procedures. In the second stage, chemical analysis was carried out using derivatization approach, followed by analysis with spectrophotometer. The derivatization of STP was carried out using vanillin as derivatizing agent. Beer’s law was followed in the range of 10-50 µg/ml, while calibration curve was obtained in the same range with R2 value of 0.9993, which shows the linearity of the method. The analysis was carried out using the recovery method. There was 99-101% recovery of the drug using the new method with relative standard deviation ranging between 0.19-0.22%. The results showed that the new method is accurate and precise.