The asymmetric effects of global and national factors on agricultural production negatively affect the sustainability of agriculture in Turkey. This study seeks to explore those impacts on wheat prices by focusing on key input prices such as diesel, fertilizers, and substitute barley prices and wheat production. Unlike studies that use crude oil prices as agricultural input parameters, this study aims to address the lack of behavioural variables in time series studies by considering diesel and fertilizer prices. The Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model analysis examines the effect of barley prices as a substitute for wheat, while the Granger causality analysis is conducted to assess the causal relationships between variables. Additionally, unlike previous studies that primarily focus on causality between variables or the effects of lagged values, this study investigates the dual effects of explanatory variables. Furthermore, impulse response functions are utilized to analyse the dynamic interactions among the variables and to identify symmetric and asymmetric relationships. Granger causality analysis indicates that wheat production in Türkiye is influenced by wheat prices; however, production does not impact prices. Wheat prices are not market-driven, and price interventions aim to ensure agricultural sustainability. The absence of causality between the wheat production amount and its price emerged bilaterally as barley price/wheat production/barley price. An analysis of wheat price responses to shocks in fertilizer and diesel prices reveals an asymmetric pattern. Wheat prices reacted more strongly to negative shocks, while their response to positive shocks was more moderate. These findings indicate the existence of asymmetric relationships between wheat prices and these two agricultural inputs, underscoring the asymmetric nature of price transmission in agricultural markets. They also highlight the policy requirements associated with ensuring food price stability and sustainable agricultural practices as well as a crucial lesson: policymakers in developing countries should prioritize structural reforms over interventionist policies that distort market signals.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mutual interaction between corruption and agricultural export variations with using corruption perception index, exchange rate and gross domestic product affect. Study, centers the Gambia country, but her neighbour and competitive countries in order to make comparisons. Study constructs a multinominal logit model to analyze the determinants of agricultural export variations and depends on panel data belongs to six Sub-Saharan African countries. Study shows that, the corruption perception index had a probality on agricultural export. Value of corruption production index in the previous year was likely to contribute to the current agricultural export of Sub-Saharan Africa countries. Increases at Gross Domestic Product provide benefits to agricultural export in parallel with corruption perception index. Policy makers, trade sector, business and civil society movements and governmental approaches have significance on preventing corruption climate atmosphere. To the best of authors knowledge, this study constitutes the first attempt to build a theoretical framework to explore how the interactions between determinants of agricultural export variations and corruption inflluence.

The aim of this study is to determine the agricultural export structure of Turkey with the gravity model method and discuss possible policy proposals. In line with this aim an annual panel data of 16 selected countries Turkey export to for the period 2001-2030 has been used in the gravity model. According to the estimation results, GDP and population of the countries that Turkey export to are related to the agricultural exports positively while the distance variable is negatively. As the per capita animal protein consumption ratio increase, it can be said that new agricultural export areas can be opened for Turkey. At this point, it has been determined that Turkey needs to follow increasing domestic consumption trends and emerging markets. As a result, it is important for policy makers to take into account the relevant determinations of the export strategy of agricultural products.

The potential of forest-mountain ecosystem services as a source of sustainable development has been widely recognized. This paper aims to provide comprehensive economic value resource parameters of Uludağ National Park (UNP), the region of Bursa, Turkey. In this context, 10 ecosystem parameters were determined under 3 categories. The first of these groups is the supplier parameters. Group of supplier parameters consists of crop production, animal production, industrial and firewood production, grazing, beekeeping and non-wood forest products. Group of regulatory parameters as regulators of the ecosystem consists of biodiversity, carbon sequestration and water resources. Within the scope of socio-economic parameter, there is tourism-recreation value.Valution is based on a wide variety of techniques, drawings on market prices, results of local surveys and other econometric valuation methods called as Faustman and Hartman. It shows that at UNP, water resources provide annual benefits of about 147 046 $ ha-1, secondly biodiversity provides a 15 312 $ ha-1 annualy and carbon sequestration has a 6 806 $ ha-1 annual value. After this regulatory parameters, as a socio-economic parameter tourism and recreation provides 4 362 $ ha-1 economic value annualyand supplier resource parameters following them. The paper shows the degree of importance of the UNP main values for the country and region as a whole. It also discusses some reasons of concern when drawing policy tools for improving UNP income and conservation practices local and regional level.

Bir bölge, şehir ya da ilçedeki herhangi bir ekonomik, sosyal veya kültürel yapının geliştirilmesine yönelik analiz yapabilmek öncelikle mevcut durumun tespitinden geçmektedir. Fikir yürütülecek yapının sosyo-ekonomik ve tarımsal özelliklerini anlamak, bu yapıya dolaylı ve direkt olarak etki eden unsurları tespit etmek gerekmektedir. Bu kapsamda araştırmada söz konusu yapıyı ortaya koyabilmek için, üreticilerin yerel ekonomiye katkıları, mevcut sektör hakkında düşünceleri, memnuniyet durumları, işletmeyi etkileyen faktörler ve ekonomik sermaye varlıklarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın gerçekleştirildiği Bursa İli Karacabey İlçesi büyük bir tarımsal ilçe özelliği göstermekte ve Bursa tarımında çok büyük bir paya sahip durumda bulunmaktadır. Bu yapının özelliklerini ortaya koyabilmek amacıyla, araştırma hedef kitlesinin çok büyük olması sebebiyle de tam sayım örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak, tarımsal üretim faaliyetinde bulunan işletmeler(240 adet) ile anket görüşmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. İncelemeden elde edilen veriler yüzde değerler kullanılarak tablolar halinde verilmiştir. Araştırma bölgesinde genç üreticilere teşvikler sağlanmalıdır. Tarımsal örgütlenme politikalarının geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Kırsal alanda yaşayan ve üreticilerin eğitim düzeyini yükseltici politikalar uygulanmalıdır. Tarımsal yayım, tarımsal örgütlenme, tarımsal yeniliklerin öğretilmesi ve kullanımları, tarımsal işletmecilik gibi alanlarda da eğitimlerin verilmesinin tarımsal üretime olumlu yönden katkı sağlayabileceği söylenilebilir. İşletme ölçeklerinin büyütülmesi, havza bazlı üretim ve entansif tarımın desteklenmesi gibi politikalarla üretimdeki plansız, heterojen yapının azaltılması ve verimliliklerin arttırılması hedeflenmelidir.