In this article we shall give a generalization of Cobb–Douglas, Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES), Lu–Fletcher, Liu–Hildebrand, Variable Elasticity of Substitution (VES) and Kadiyala production functions. We compute the principal indicators such as the marginal products, the marginal rate of substitution, the elasticities of factors and the elasticity of substitution. Finally, we formulate three theorems of characterization for the functions with a proportional marginal rate of substitution, with constant elasticity of labour and for those with constant elasticity of substitution (for n = 1).

This article presents a comparative analysis focusing on the economic dimensions of quality of life and explores the factors influencing economic growth and well-being between two countries located in Eastern Europe: Romania—an EU member state since 2007, and Moldova—an EU candidate status since June 2022. By examining statistical data, we assess the relationship between economic growth and development, aiming to discern patterns and dynamics within these countries’ economies. Through this comparative approach, we aim to elucidate how economic factors contribute to societal welfare and living standards. The study underscores the significance of economic management policies and structural reforms in fostering growth and enhancing the quality of life for citizens. By focusing on the economic landscapes of Romania and Moldova, we aim to offer insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by transitioning economies in Eastern Europe, shedding light on strategies for sustainable development and improved well-being.

This study investigates the nuanced influence of Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) on wage dynamics among Croatian workers, specifically examining the differential effects on male and female salaried employees. The authors employed statistical indicators and regression analysis, utilizing data from reputable sources, such as UNCTAD and the World Bank, to assess the dependency of wages on FDIs at time periods n and n − 1. By focusing on these temporal dynamics, the study aims to capture potential changes in the relationship between wages and FDIs, aligning with the total quality management (TQM) principle of systematic analysis. The findings highlighted the differential impact of FDIs on wage evolution for male and female workers, underscoring the importance of integrating gender-sensitive strategies within quality management frameworks.

In this study, we analyze the relationship between economic variables influencing wages in the Dutch economy during the period 1995–2023 using the ARIMAX method. The analysis reveals that lagged wages and salaries for male workers have a strong and significant effect on current wages, while lagged wages and salaries for female workers exhibit a strong negative influence, indicating a potential gender wage gap. The current level of foreign direct investment (FDI) has a negative impact on wages, suggesting that foreign capital may not contribute to wage growth, and we noted that lagged FDI does not significantly affect current wages. These findings highlight the crucial role of past wages in shaping current wage levels and accentuate that gender disparities remain a significant factor in wage determination. Policymakers should consider addressing these gender wage differences and reassess the role of FDIs in wage growth.

Climate change governance has become an essential concern for policymakers, with carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions representing one of the most pressing challenges to sustainable economic development. In this context, understanding the main drivers of CO₂ emissions is essential for designing effective public policies that support Romania’s transition toward a low-carbon economy. This study investigates the determinants of CO₂ emissions in Romania’s energy sector between 2008 and 2023 using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition method. The analysis considers five key elements: the carbon intensity effect (ΔC), the energy mix effect (ΔM), the energy efficiency effect (ΔL), the economic effect (ΔB), and the population effect (ΔP). The results highlight the need for coherent governance frameworks and targeted policy measures to balance economic expansion with environmental sustainability. The study offers actionable insights for public authorities aiming to strengthen Romania’s climate governance and align national strategies with the objectives of the European Green Deal and climate neutrality by 2050.