Traditional perforated duct designs fail to resolve the energy consumption-uniformity conflict in semi-closed greenhouses. To address this, we develop a CFD-RSM-NSGA-II framework that simultaneously minimizes velocity non-uniformity (CV-v), pressure loss (ΔP), and temperature variation (CV-t). Key parameters—hole diameter (6–10 mm), spacing (30–70 mm), and inlet velocity (4–8 m/s)—are co-optimized. Model validation showed that the mean relative errors were 8.6% for velocity, 2.3% for temperature, and pressure deviations below 5 Pa, with the response surface model achieving an R² of 0.9831 (p < 0.0001). Larger hole diameters improved CV-v, while wider spacings led to a decrease in uniformity. Pressure loss followed an opposite trend. Temperature variation was mostly affected by inlet velocity. Sensitivity analysis revealed that hole diameter was the most influential factor, followed by spacing and velocity, with a significant interaction between diameter and spacing. Using entropy-weighted TOPSIS coupled with NSGA-II, the optimization identified an optimal configuration (hole diameter = 9.0 mm, spacing = 65 mm, velocity = 7.0 m/s). This solution achieved a 58.8% reduction in CV-v, a 10.8% decrease in ΔP, and a 5.2% improvement in CV-t, while stabilizing inlet static pressure at 72.8 Pa. Critically, it reduced power consumption by 17.4%—directly lowering operational costs for farmers. The “larger diameter, wider spacing” strategy resolves energy-uniformity conflicts, demonstrating how integrated multi-objective process control enables efficient greenhouse ventilation.

In order to quantitatively analyze the light radiation environment inside Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) and select reasonable building design parameters, a CSG solar radiation environment model reflecting various factors such as geographical location, outside solar radiation, orientation and building parameters, front roof shape, and covering materials was studied. The model considered the impact of both cloudy and sunny weather conditions on the inside solar radiation environment, and established a simulation calculation method for inside direct radiation and scattered radiation. When calculating solar scattered radiation, the ground reflected radiation and atmospheric longwave radiation was considered. When calculating the transmittance of covering material, a structural shading loss and dust film model was introduced to calculate its impacts on the transmittance. The model was validated experimentally in a CSG at Yongqing in Hebei Province, China. The results showed that the model can effectively simulate the solar radiation of various points such as the ground and wall in the greenhouse at any time, with an average relative error of 8.19% between the simulated and measured values. Based on the established model, the impact of the geographical location, azimuth angle, and building parameters of CSG on inside solar radiation were analyzed. The research results can provide theoretical references and relevant data for the wall and soil heat storage, crop planting, and energy balance of enclosure structures in CSG.

Air distribution uniformity is critical to the quality and yield of straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea); however, the coupled effects of air supply angle and cultivation rack layout remain poorly understood. We developed and validated a steady-state CFD model for a straw mushroom house with an active return-air heat pump system. Model validation against field measurements showed mean relative errors of 7.2%, 9.5%, and 1.1% for in-duct velocity, outlet velocity, and temperature, respectively confirming reliability of the model. Four scenarios were then simulated, combining horizontal (0°), vertical (90°), and mixed supply angles with two or three rack rows. The two-row layout with vertical downward supply (2-90°) achieved the best overall performance, attaining a vertical velocity CV of 8.7% and optimal-zone area ratios of approximately 90% across all layers. The mixed supply (2-0°+90°) showed intermediate performance (vertical velocity CV = 13.7%), whereas the horizontal cases (2-0° and 3-0°) exhibited pronounced wall-attachment effects, with vertical velocity CVs of 42.2% and 26.7%, respectively. An AHP-entropy-weighted TOPSIS evaluation further confirmed the superiority of the schemes incorporating a vertical component, with 2-90° ranking highest. These findings indicate that vertical downward supply combined with a two-row layout markedly improves environmental uniformity, providing practical guidance for the ventilation design of similar intensive mushroom cultivation facilities.