In many parts of the world, particularly in impoverished nations like Ethiopia, organophosphate compounds operate as suicide agents, are frequently employed as pesticides, and are strong inhibitors of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. A 21-year-old Ethiopian female, a university student, was admitted to an emergency department on June 22, 2022, with a two-hour history of nausea and elevated secretions of salivation via the mouth. She had no previous history of psychiatric or neurological disorders, but three days before her admission, she quarreled with her boyfriend, became extremely depressed, and decided to commit suicide. She had a two-hour history of nausea and intermittent vomiting and a one-hour history of persistent vomiting, increased salivation secretions through the mouth, chills, progressive sweating, difficulty breathing, and dizziness. Upon admission, her neurological examination in the emergency department revealed a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 9/15. On admission, she was placed on two liters per minute of intranasal oxygen via the nasal cannula. On the same day, she was given atropine 0.15 mg intravenously, and the dose was doubled every 10 minutes until atropinization was achieved, and a bolus dose of 500ml of 0.9% of normal saline was initiated immediately.

Bronchial asthma is a disorder of the airways causing swelling and narrowing; which leads to wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The impact of asthma in children depends on complex interaction between disease severity, reaction of children towards disease, treatment efficiency, social roles, and social environment. Most common asthma triggers of bronchial asthma are dust, animal dander, weather changes, pollution, mold, pollen, respiratory infections, stress, and tobacco smoke. The main pathophysiological characteristics of asthma are inflammation and airway remodeling, which include goblet cell hyperplasia, subepithelial fibrosis, collagen deposition, mucosal gland, hyperplasia, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and changes in the extracellular matrix. Spirometry (test lung function when diagnosing asthma), pulse oximetry (monitors oxygen saturation which used to measure amount of arterial hemoglobin that is combined with oxygen) used for diagnosis bronchial asthma. The goal of asthma treatment is to achieve normal respiratory function, with an absence of symptoms, exacerbations, or adverse effects. The beta 2 agonists are sympathomimetic drugs that produce “selective” activation of beta 2 adrenergic receptors, promote bronchodilation, and thereby relieve bronchospasm. The use of short actin beta 2 agonists as a reliever five or more times daily indicates controller agents need to be increased. Prednisone and prednisolone are preferred glucocorticoids for oral therapy of asthma. Methylxanthines are widely used in the treatment of asthma due its ability to inhibit phosphodiesterase causing bronchodilatation. The adverse effects of theophylline include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting at initial oral administration. In addition, toxic symptoms may progress to tachycardia and arrhythmia.

Diabetes mellitus refers to a grouping of metabolic diseases involving prolonged hyperglycemia caused by the inadequate secretion of insulin, poor insulin action, or a combination of the two. Poor glycaemic control is a major public health problem among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Definition, Causes, Pathophysiology, and Management of Hypothyroidism

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