Insufficient sleep is common among children and adolescents, and can contribute to poor health. School-based interventions potentially could improve sleep behavior due to their broad reach, but their effectiveness is unclear. This systematic review focused on the effects of school-based interventions on sleep behavior among children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years. Five electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of sleep health interventions initiated or conducted in school settings and in which behavioral sleep outcomes were measured. Cochrane risk of bias tools were used to assess study quality. From the 5303 database records and two papers from other sources, 21 studies (22 papers) met the inclusion criteria for this review. These studies involved 10 867 children and adolescents at baseline from 13 countries. Most studies (n = 15) were conducted in secondary schools. Sleep education was the most common intervention, either alone (n = 13 studies) or combined with other initiatives (stress management training, n = 2; bright light therapy, n = 1; health education, n = 1). Interventions were typically brief in terms of both the intervention period (median = 4 weeks) and exposure (median = 200 minutes). Behavioral outcomes included actigraphy-measured and self-reported sleep patterns, and sleep hygiene. All outcomes had high risk of bias or some concerns with bias. Sleep education interventions were typically ineffective. Later school start times promoted longer sleep duration over 1 week (1 study, high risk of bias). Current evidence does not provide school-based solutions for improving sleep health, perhaps highlighting a need for complex, multi-component interventions (e.g. whole-of-school approaches) to be trialed.

Vaccine acceptance in the general public is essential in controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The study aimed to assess the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the adult population of Mongolia, and determine the associated factors. A total of 2875 individuals from urban and rural areas were recruited, and completed an online survey. Older age, urban residence, previous vaccination, high education, good knowledge of side effects, and a personal view of the importance of vaccines were associated with vaccine acceptability, whereas gender and religion were not. Receiving COVID-19 vaccine information from official government pages was related to a higher acceptance rate. Reliance on social media as a source of COVID-19 vaccine information was associated with high level of vaccine hesitancy. The side effects and the type of the COVID-19 vaccine were a major reason for hesitation. Countering false information regarding COVID-19 vaccines on social media, and promoting vaccine importance on general news websites is necessary. Moreover, providing clear and direct educational materials through official communication channels on the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines alongside information on COVID-19 symptoms, vaccine side effects, and location of vaccine administration centers among the younger populations, rural residents, and those with lower education is needed.

Hepatitis B, C, and D virus infections are a major public health problem, and Mongolia has one of the highest prevalences of dual and triple infections in the world. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis infection and dual or triple hepatitis infections among 10–64-year-olds. A questionnaire was used to identify risk factors for hepatitis infection, and seromarkers were measured by the fully automated immunologic analyzer HISCL-5000. Among a total of 10,040 participants, 8.1% of the population aged 10–64 was infected with HBV, 9.4% with HCV, and 0.4% with HBV and HCV, and the prevalence of the disease varied by age, sex, and the area of residence. Young people were particularly unaware of their hepatitis infection status. A small proportion of children aged 10 to 19 years and the majority of adults younger than 30 years were unaware of their HBV and HCV infection. Men were also more likely to be unaware of their HBV and HCV infection status than women. The results suggested that the prevalence of infection in the general population is high and that most people are unaware that they are infected or have become chronic carriers. Identifying mono-, co-, or triple-infection status is critical to prevent the rapid progression of liver disease among the Mongolian population.

Objectives: Infections with hepatitis B, C, and D virus (HBV, HCV, and HDV) are a major public health problem and lead to serious complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV, anti-HDV immunoglobulin G, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and dual and triple hepatitis virus infections in Mongolia.Methods: A total of 2313 participants from urban and rural regions were randomly recruited for this cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was used to identify the risk factors for hepatitis virus infections, and the seromarkers were measured using immunoassay kits.Results: Among all participants, the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HDV was 15.6%, 36.6%, and 14.3%, respectively. The infection rates were significantly higher in females and participants with a lower education level, rural residence, older age, and a history of blood transfusion. HBV and HCV co-infection was found in 120 (5.2%) participants and HBV, HCV, and HDV triple infection was detected in 67 (2.9%) participants. The prevalence of elevated AFP was 2.7%, 5.5%, and 2.6% higher in participants who were seropositive for HBsAg (p=0.01), anti-HCV (p<0.001), and anti-HDV (p=0.022), respectively. Elevated AFP was more prevalent in participants co-infected with HBV and HCV (5.8%, p=0.023), HBV and HDV (6.0%, p<0.001), and triple-infected with HBV, HCV, and HDV (7.5%) than in uninfected individuals.Conclusions: Nearly half (49.8%) of the study population aged ≥40 years were infected with HBV, HCV, or HDV, and 22.4% had dual or triple infections.

Objectives: The study investigated the association between indoor air pollution (IAP) and risk factors for acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms in children under 5 years of age.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data derived from Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey in 2017. Binary logistic regression modeling was employed to examine each predictor variable associated with ARI among children under 5 years of age in Indonesia.Results: The study included a total of 4936 households with children. Among children under 5 years old, 7.2% reported ARI symptoms. The presence of ARI symptoms was significantly associated with the type of residence, wealth index, and father’s smoking frequency, which were considered the sample’s socio-demographic characteristics. In the final model, living in rural areas, having a high wealth index, the father’s smoking frequency, and a low education level were all linked to ARI symptoms.Conclusions: The results revealed that households in rural areas had a substantially higher level of reported ARI symptoms among children under 5 years old. Furthermore, the father’s smoking frequency and low education level were associated with ARI symptoms.

Background: Adolescent psychological wellbeing is a critical determinant of lifelong health. Global data suggest a concerning decline in adolescent wellbeing. While the 24-hour movement behaviours, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), sedentary time, and sleep, have been linked to mental health outcomes; their associations with specific domains of adolescent psychological wellbeing remain underexplored. This study used compositional data analysis (CoDA) to examine how time-use relate to domain-specific wellbeing in Australian secondary school adolescents. Methods: Data were drawn from 124 adolescents (aged 13–17 years) participating in the TransformUs Secondary effectiveness trial. Wrist worn Actigraph GT9X accelerometer captured 24-hour movement behaviour over at least three valid days (≥ 16 h/day). Wellbeing was assessed using the EPOCH Measure of Adolescent Wellbeing, which includes five domains: engagement, perseverance, optimism, connectedness, and happiness. CoDA was used to examine associations between the composition of daily movement behaviours and EPOCH domains using isometric log-ratio (ILR) transformations. A compositional time reallocation analysis (30-minutes) was also performed to explore hypothetical associations with wellbeing outcomes. Results: The average daily time-use composition was 680.9 min (47.3%) sedentary time, 473.0 min (32.8%) sleep, 250.7 min (17.4%) LPA, and 35.3 min (2.5%) MVPA. Greater time spent in LPA relative to other behaviours was significantly associated with higher happiness scores ( p < 0.05), while greater sedentary time relative to LPA was negatively associated with happiness. Reallocating 30 min of sedentary time to LPA was associated with significant increases in happiness (β = 0.128, 95% CI: 0.034, 0.222). No significant associations were found for engagement, perseverance, or optimism. Conclusions: Adolescent daily movement behaviour composition was associated with domain-specific psychological wellbeing, particularly happiness. LPA was a potential contributor to positive psychological wellbeing. These findings suggest that even modest changes in daily routines, such as replacing sedentary time and LPA, may support adolescent flourishing. Future research should confirm these findings longitudinally and employ in intervention studies.