Apoptosis, overload Ca2+ entry and oxidative stress are induced in neurons by hypoxia. Drug-resistant cancer cells are killed by hypoxic conditions. α-Lipoic acid (ALA) has antioxidant and pro-oxidant functions. The TRPA1 channel is activated by oxidative stress and pro-oxidant ALA may have a regulator role in the TRPA1 activity in the human glioblastoma (DBTRG) cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate if a combination therapy of ALA with a hypoxia can alter the effect of this hypoxia through TRPA1 activation in the DBTRG cells. The DBTRG cells were divided into four treatment groups as control, ALA (50 μM), and hypoxia and hypoxia + ALA. Hypoxia in the cells was induced by CoCl2 (200 μM). Apoptosis, Annexin V, mitochondrial membrane depolarization (JC-1), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, IL-1β, IL-18, caspase 3 and 9 values were increased through activation of TRPA1 (cinnamaldehyde) in the cells by the hypoxia induction, although cell viability, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase values were decreased by the treatments. The values were modulated in the cells by TRPA1 blocker (AP18) and ALA treatments. Involvements of TRPA1 activity on values in the cells were also confirmed by patch-clamp and laser confocal microscopy analyses. In conclusion, apoptotic, inflammatory and oxidant effects of hypoxia were increased by activation of TRPA1, but its action on the values was decreased by the ALA treatment. ALA treatment could be used as an effective strategy in the treatment of hypoxia-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in the neurons.

A molecular imprinted electrochemical sensor based on boron-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride (B-g-C₃N₄) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was presented for selective determination of bisphenol A (BPA). In particular, by combining the selectivity and high stability properties, which are the most important advantages of molecular imprinted polymers, and the highly sensitive properties of GQDs/B-g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite, a highly selective and sensitive analytical method was developed for BPA analysis. Firstly, GQDs/B-g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite was characterized by using microscopic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques. This novel molecular imprinted electrochemical sensor for BPA detection demonstrated a linearity of 1.0 × 10⁻¹¹–1.0 × 10⁻⁹ M and a low detection limit (LOD, 3.0 × 10⁻¹² M). BPA-imprinted polymer on GQDs/B-g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite also showed good stability, repeatability and selectivity in food samples.

In the present study, a novel voltammetric sensor based on a boron-doped copper oxide/graphene (B-CuO-Gr) nanocomposite and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was developed for the detection of paclobutrazol (PAC) in apple and orange juice samples. The B-CuO-Gr nanocomposite was prepared using sol–gel and calcination methods. After modifying glassy carbon electrodes with the B-CuO-Gr nanocomposite, PAC-imprinted electrodes were prepared in the presence of 100.0 mM pyrrole (Py) monomer and 25.0 mM PAC using cyclic voltammetry (CV). After elucidating the surface properties of the prepared B-CuO-Gr nanocomposite and PAC-imprinted electrodes using various characterization techniques, the PAC-imprinted sensor was successfully applied to apple and orange juice samples, demonstrating high recovery. A linear range of 1.0 × 10⁻⁹ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁸ M PAC (R² = 0.9983) and a detection limit (LOD) of 3.30 × 10⁻¹⁰ M were observed, along with high selectivity, stability, and reproducibility for the MIP/B-CuO-Gr/GCE sensor.

A hydrazine (HYD) detection method is presented based on molecularly imprinting polymers (MIPs) and cobalt-barium stannate nanoparticles incorporated-functionalized MWCNTs (CBSNPs/f-MWCNTs) nanocomposite. Firstly, co-precipitation and sonication techniques were applied to the preparations of CBSNPs and CBSNPs/f-MWCNTs nanocomposite, respectively. Since waste generation occurs at a minimum level in these techniques, an environmentally friendly nanocomposite was prepared. After the glassy carbon electrode modification with CBSNPs and CBSNPs/f-MWCNTs nanocomposite, HYD imprinted electrodes were fabricated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) with a dispersion containing 100.0 mM pyrrole (Py) monomer and 25.0 mM HYD molecule. The resulting electrochemical sensor demonstrated a detection span of 1.0 × 10⁻⁹ M to 1.0 × 10⁻⁸ M HYD and achieved a detection limit (LOD) of 3.0 × 10⁻¹⁰ M. Furthermore, the developed electrochemical sensor was used for actual tap water samples, and the obtained values close to 100.00% in recovery experiments showed the high accuracy of the developed sensor in real sample analysis. Finally, the selectivity, stability, and reproducibility of the created electrochemical sensor were investigated, and the developed sensor has been demonstrated to have high stability for at least 7 weeks, high reproducibility with a relative standard deviation (RSD) value of 0.14%, and high selectivity in real samples. Graphical Abstract

The number of studies on insecticides, which constitute an important class of pesticides, is increasing day by day. These chemicals used in the fight against pests in the field of agriculture; It is also used to fight mosquitoes and insects in homes, gardens and rural areas. Excessive use of insecticides has adversely affected many beneficial organisms besides target organisms. As a result of the negative effects of insecticides on non-target organisms, the normal balance of nature has been disturbed and this has led to the decline of some living species in the world. In many studies from the past to the present, it has been shown that these insecticides have negative effects on the environment, human and animal health. Some of these chemicals, which have many benefits in the fight against agricultural pests, have been banned due to their harmful effects on non-target organisms as a result of excessive use. Today, however, these chemicals are still used intensively against agricultural pests, threatening non-target organisms and human health. For this reason, in this book chapter we have prepared, the negative effects of insecticides on living things are examined by reviewing biochemical and histopathological studies.