Reuse of wastewater has been widespread in this era to support the water sustainability process. Therefore, treated wastewater should be conveyed to suitable places and adopted for different uses. This study presents an empirical relationship between the Darcy-Weisbach and Hazen-Williams equations for four types of pipe material (ductile iron, GRP, concrete, and plastic) by using WaterCAD Version 8i. Two hydraulic models were developed to estimate the head loss in pipes by using different diameters: first, using pipe diameters from 800 mm to 1,200 mm for a flow rate of 1.16 m3/s, second, adopting pipe diameter from 1,600 mm to 2,000 mm for a flow rate of 4.63 m3/s. The study results are the head loss values obtained from the Darcy-Weisbach and Hazen-Williams equations, which were used to correlate them using IBM SPSS Statistics. The correlation coefficient between both equations turned out to be 0.991, 0.990, 0.990, and 0.990 for ductile iron, GRP, concrete, and plastic pipe materials. Additionally, the relationship between head loss and pipe diameter is negatively proportioned for both equations. Also, both head loss equation results are the same. The head loss values in the Darcy’s equation were higher for ductile iron and GRP materials, while being lower for concrete and plastic materials for both models. Selecting concrete or plastic pipes to convey treated wastewater is better than other pipe materials. Another conclusion is that the pipe diameter affects the head loss magnitude irrespective of the kind of equation whether Darcy-Weisbach or Hazen-William equation. Finally, this relationship is very useful for designers in converting the head loss values obtained using these equations.

Evapotranspiration represents one of the main parameters in the hydrological cycle. It is usually expressed by the term Reference evapotranspiration (ETo), that is affected by some meteorological parameters. This study aims to find the difference amount in reference evapotranspiration (ETo)...

Some documented precipitation changes are associated with the hydrological cycle, including changes in the magnitude of precipitation. Studying the effect of spatial, temporal, wind speed and wind direction on precipitation magnitude at specified points within Melbourne city – Australia could reveal how they affect precipitation magnitudes. To achieve this aim, a long rainy day was adopted to record the measurements at different places and times throughout the day and night. The study method involved measuring wind speed and direction at every measuring point by using a hand-held device, while precipitation values were recorded using the nearest ground weather station. The study revealed precipitation magnitudes at night were higher than during daylight hours. On the other hand, fast winds increase precipitation magnitude, and wind direction has an effect on precipitation either increasing or decreasing depending on upwind and leeward sides, respectively. Respective to temporal parameters, precipitation magnitudes at night showed the highest. Wind speed directly affects precipitation values but the direction has a moderate effect on precipitation. Generally, spatiotemporal, wind speed and direction have a distinct effect on precipitation with a small time scale.

A number of documented precipitation changes are associated with the hydrological cycle, including changes in the magnitude of precipitation. Studying the effect of spatial, temporal, wind speed and wind direction on precipitation magnitude at specified points within Melbourne city - Australia could reveal how they affect precipitation magnitudes. To achieve this aim, a long rainy day was adopted to record the measurements at different places and times throughout the day and night. Study method involved measuring wind speed and direction at every measuring point by using a hand-held device, while precipitation values were recorded using the nearest ground weather station. The study revealed precipitation magnitudes at night were higher than during the daylight hours. On the other hand, fast winds increase precipitation magnitude, and wind direction has effect on precipitation either increase or decrease depending on upwind and leeward sides respectively. Respective to temporal parameter, precipitation magnitudes at night showed the highest. Wind speed directly effects precipitation values but the direction has a moderate effect on precipitation. Generally, spatiotemporal, wind speed and direction have distinct effect on precipitation with small time scale.