The courtyard is an architectural element found in hot arid regions due to its thermal performance that gives it cooler temperatures than the outside resulting from shading and night cooling. Previous papers focus only on either shading or ventilation and never together. This paper employs CFD techniques to simulate heat transfer in the courtyard. The results are presented through time constants showing the response of the thermal mass of the building containing the courtyard toward solar radiation and night cooling and the effect of both being combined in a factor called the Night-Time Effectiveness Ratio (NTER). The research includes simulation for different courtyard sizes and other building elements around the courtyard, like galleries. The results show the importance of the courtyard’s width in changing the performance of night ventilation. Adding extra shading elements such as galleries can enhance thermal performance by 30–60%.

The use of cooling systems has increased because of drastic changes introduced after the oil revolution in the local architecture by using modern building designs and practices that may not suit Oman's climate. The traditional architecture in this country is characterized by its passive cooling design features, which the Locals fine-tuned through trial and error. These sustainable passive design practices developed over the ages have the ability to provide healthy and comfortable spaces for their occupants while preserving the environment and natural resources. These strategies are still evident in many traditional settlements and buildings in Oman. The present research evaluates the effect of natural ventilation in achieving thermal comfort in traditional Omani houses. For this purpose, a traditional house in a hot-arid climate zone with vernacular architecture typology was chosen as a case study. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) was used to model the house and analyse the airflow and temperature levels in its spaces. The results show the efficiency of such a design to enhance natural ventilation and thermal comfort in similar geo-climatic regions.

The paper is about modeling or estimation for thermal comfort in a hospital. However, the writing language needs to be improved where many sections are unclear, and others are written with the help of AI rephrasing. The introduction does not give th...