A series of novel asymmetrical mono-carbonyl analogs of curcumin (AMACs) were synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxic activity using BSLT and MTT assay against Vero, HeLa, and MCF7 cell lines. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by FTIR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and mass spectral data. The results of the cytotoxicity evaluation showed that the synthesized compounds exhibited moderate to very high toxic activity in BSLT (LC₅₀ value 29.80–1704.23 µM); most of the compound exhibited cytotoxic activity against HeLa cell lines, which is comparable to the activity of cisplatin (IC₅₀ value 40.65–95.55 µM), and most of the compound tested against MCF7 cell lines exhibited moderate to very high cytotoxic activity (IC₅₀ value 7.86–35.88 µM). However, the selectivity index (SI) of the compounds was low (<1–1.96). Among the synthesized compounds, compound 1b was the most cytotoxic and selective against MCF7 cell lines. It could be considered for further development to obtain the more active and selective chemotherapeutic agents against breast cancer.

In this study, an environmentally friendly extraction method for flavonoid compound from Ixora javanica , as a new raw material candidate for herbal medicine and cosmetics, was developed. The objectives of the present work were to provide recommendations for the optimal extraction conditions and to investigate the effects of any extraction parameters on flavonoid yields from the I. javanica flower. The extraction process was performed using deep eutectic solvent (DES) (choline chloride and propylene glycol at molar ratio of 1 : 1) and the ultrasound-assisted extraction method. Both single-factor and response surface analyses using three-level and three-factor Box Behnken designs were conducted to obtain the optimum flavonoid concentrations. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions for total flavonoids featured an extraction time of 40 min, 25% water content in DES and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1 : 25 g ml ⁻¹ . An extract obtained under optimum extraction conditions showed higher total flavonoid yields than an ethanolic extract which was used for comparison. Scanning electron microscope images demonstrated that both of the solvents also showed different effects on the outer surface of the I. javanica flower during the extraction process. In summary, our work succeeded in determining the optimum conditions for total flavonoids in the I. javanica flower using a green extraction method.

Objective: This study aims to synthesize a series of five new Mannich bases of dehydrozingerone (DHZ) derivatives and to evaluate for their antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity. Methods: The synthesis was performed by refluxing DHZ with formaldehyde and secondary amines, and the structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and HR-MS. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity evaluations were done by inhibition of heat-induced albumin denaturation and a free-radical DPPH method, respectively. Results: All the synthesized compounds (2a-e) showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The highest anti-inflammatory activity was shown by compound 2c. The activity was comparable to the that of diclofenac sodium as a standard. While, the highest antioxidant activity was demostrated by compound 2e. The compound showed moderate activity compared to that of quercetin as a standard. Mostly of Mannich base derivatives of DHZ compounds exhibited higher antioxidant activity than that of DHZ. Conclusion: A series of five new Mannich bases of DHZ (2a-e) was synthesized successfully. Compound 2c demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity which was comparable to diclofenac sodium, while compound 2e exhibited moderate antioxidant activity compared to quercetin as standard. Key words: Dehydrozingerone, Mannich Bases, Synthesis, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant.

Determination of sibutramine adulterated in herbal slimming product using thin layer chromatography (TLC) densitometric method with TLC silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ aluminium plate as stationary phase and mixture of toluen-diethylamine (10:0.3) as mobile phase has been developed. The calibration curve in the concentration range of 0.50 to 5.00 µg/spot showed good linier relationship (r² = 0.9986). The limit of detection and quantitation (LOD and LOQ) were 217.5 ng and 724.9 ng/spot, respectively. The method gave satisfactory specificity, linierity, precision and accuracy validation criteria and was applied for determination of sibutramine in herbal slimming products obtained from several drugstrores in Depok City, West Java, Indonesia. Results of the determination showed that six of seven samples analyzed were detected containing sibutramine HCl with the concentration of 2.45 - 26.24 mg in a single dosage of slimming herbal products

Objective: To further understand this compound, we synthesized and evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of a series of itsMannich base derivatives.Methods: We synthesized the compounds via the previously reported Mannich reaction method. Their structures were elucidated by Fouriertransforminfrared,1H-NMR,13C-NMR, and high-resolution mass spectra. The derivatives’ anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were testedusing the inhibition of protein denaturation method and the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay.Results: The IC50 values for the anti-inflammatory activity of the 2,6-dimethylmorpholine, pyrrolidine, 1-methylpiperazine, and dimethylamineMannich base derivatives 2a–d were 10.67, 10.72, 37.75, and 1.93 μM, respectively; for (2E,6E)-2-({4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl}methylidene)-6-(phenylmethylidene)cyclohexan-1-one (1), diclofenac sodium, and curcumin, the IC50 values were 56.29, 1.52, and 8.43 μM, respectively. The IC50values for the antioxidant activity of compounds 2a–2d were 229.62, 57.29, 280.43, and 219.22 μM, respectively; for compound 1, quercetin, andcurcumin, the IC50 values were 144.22, 27.28, and 26.45 μM, respectively.Conclusion: Substituting Mannich bases into (2E,6E)-2-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) methylidene]-6-(phenylmethylidene)cyclohexan-1-oneenhanced its anti-inflammatory activity, but lowered its antioxidant activity. Compound 2d, (2E,6E)-2-({3-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl}methylidene)-6-(phenyl methylidene)cyclohexan-1-one, exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity comparable to diclofenacsodium and four times higher than curcumin. However, further investigation of this compound’s mechanism of action and toxicity is warranted.