This review synthesises studies from various countries that have assessed the concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in rice. Rice is a primary diet source for over 50 % of the global people, particularly in Asia. Thus, the estimation of the annual effective dose due to the ingestion of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in rice has become an important area of study in food safety and human health risk assessment. The activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in rice were found by gamma spectroscopy using sodium iodide scintillation (NaI (Tl)) and high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors. Even if the activity concentration of ⁴⁰K in Thailand rice is higher than 400 Bq kg^-1, the other present rice investigations demonstrate that the activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K are smaller than the world limit values of 35, 30, and 400 Bq kg^-1, respectively. Although the people of the Asia continent consume the highest rate of rice, the highest ingestion annual effective dose due to these radionuclides through consuming rice was found in Africa. It was found that the highest ingestion annual effective doses of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K from eating rice were 645.49 μSv y^-1 in Thailand, which is greater than the average value of 290 μSv y^-1 worldwide. For public health officials, researchers, and legislators who are worried about radioactive exposure from food sources, this review is an invaluable resource.

Introduction: Radon is a radioactive gas released from the normal decay of uranium in rocks and soil depending on local geology. Radioactive decay of uranium through radium produces radon. Materials and Methods: In the present work, seventeen plant (vegetables) samples collected from Sulaimania Governorate. The plants have been analyzed and examined to measure the level of radon (Rn-222) and thoron (Rn-220) using plastic track detector (CR-39) for evaluation of radon and thoron concentration in this region. Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the higher and lower radon concentration have been found in Halabjay-con, and in Sulaimani-center, to be (119.72 Bq.m(-3), 3.236 pCi/L), (54.36 Bq.m(-3), 1.469 pCi/L), respectively, and the higher and lower thoron concentration have been found in Qaladza and in Sulaitnani-center, to be (733.66 Bq.m(-3), 19.828 pCi/L), (227.33 Bq.m(-3)C, 9.117 pCi/L), respectively. Radiation level compared with the standard level known by the EPA (4 pCi/L) and190 Bqm''. The concentration of radon in all sample plants is less than international standard level 4(pCi/L) and190 (Bqml, therefore the human in safety. The average effective dose equivalent (EDE) of radon from plants determined was (7.2) 1.1Sv.y'l for all the samples. This is lower than the normal value of (1.3) rnSv:y ' given by EPA. Conclusions: This study showed that the contamination in the plant (vegetables) is normal and is not considered a great radial dose for plants and consequently for humans.

This study investigates the activity concentration of natural radionuclides in a diverse range of food samples in the Koya district markets food baskets, including both domestic and imported products. The samples cover annual crops (e.g. coffee, tea, kidney beans), tree nuts (e.g. almonds, pistachios), and other items (e.g. beef, fish, milk) by using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. This research addresses a notable gap by providing baseline data on radionuclide concentrations and assessing potential health risks. Average activity concentrations for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K were 0.943, 0.367, and 191.8 Bq kg^-1, respectively. Radium equivalent activity values ranged from 2.88-58.48 Bq kg^-1, all below the safety limit. The average excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was 0.154 mSv a^-1, indicating safety for most samples, though coffee and tea showed higher levels. This study provides new data crucial for future research and regulatory monitoring, underscoring the need for further investigation into geological impacts on radionuclide levels.