Due to the different properties of the materials, the fusion welding of dissimilar metals may be difficult. Structural irregularities may form as a result of various phase transformations during welding. Solid-state welding, as opposed to fusion welding, occurs below the melting temperature. As a result of the melting and solidification phenomena that happen in fusion welding, solid-state welding is expected to reduce the potential for phase transformation. This paper describes the use of a rotary friction welding technique to join carbon steel and 304 stainless steel. The purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of rotary friction welding (RFW) when joining 304 stainless steel to carbon steels with different carbon contents. Experiments were carried out on the RFW of low- and medium-carbon steels with 304 stainless steel. The investigation was carried out using the Taguchi method of experimental design. The joints’ tensile strengths and microstructures were evaluated. The parameters that had the greatest influence on the tensile strengths of the welding results were identified. The combination of parameters resulting in the greatest tensile strength is also suggested. A microstructural examination of the weldment revealed mechanical mixing and interlocking.

The agricultural sector is one of the potential sectors for the economic development of the Indonesian nation and the improvement of rural community welfare. Therefore, it needs to be well-managed, including through the provision of adequate supporting facilities such as transportation equipment that is suitable for the characteristics of the agricultural sector. PT KMWI is one of the companies that produces specialized transportation equipment designed to support agricultural activities in rural areas, known as the Multifunctional Rural Mechanized Tool (MRMT). The production involves several businesses and industries that are established within an MRMT automotive industry cluster. Effective cooperation and collaboration among the stakeholders in the industry cluster significantly determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the products produced. Therefore, it needs to be well-managed, and risk management needs to be implemented to maintain its functional stability using the House of Risk (HOR) method. From the application of HOR 1, the multistakeholder approach yielded the Combined Aggregate Risk Potential (CARP), and 6 priority risk potentials were selected based on a Pareto chart, which resulted in the determination of 13 mitigation actions. The risk potential with the highest CARP value among the priority risks is risk factor (A4) inaccurate demand forecasting. Then, the 13 mitigation actions were assessed using HOR 2, the multistakeholder approach, to obtain the Effectiveness to Difficulty (ETD) value of each mitigation action for every stakeholder.

The influence of heating stage parameters in RFW (rotary friction welding) of ST 41 steel is studied in this work. A Series of experiments on ST 41 steel were c