The environmental impact of conventional plastics has spurred the development of biodegradable, recyclable, and renewable polymers as sustainable alternatives. Biodegradable, recyclable, and renewable polymers are developing as viable alternatives to standard petroleum-based plastics due to their environmental benefits and sustainability. These polymers can be manufactured using renewable sources such as plants and microbes, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing plastic pollution. Biodegradable polymers offer end-of-life solutions through composting or natural breakdown, reducing plastic pollution. Recyclable biopolymers can be processed into new products, minimizing waste. Renewably sourced polymers utilize biomass, a natural resource, to lessen dependence on fossil fuels. These polymers, derived from renewable resources such as plant-based materials, agricultural by-products, and microbial fermentation, offer several advantages over conventional plastics, including reduced environmental impact, decreased dependence on fossil fuels, and enhanced end-of-life options.

With the sharp increase in population and modernization of society, environmental pollution resulting from oil pills has increased, resulting in an urgent need for remediation, as it poses a significant threat to ecosystems, causing harm to marine life and coastal environments. Bioremediation offers a promising approach to addressing this challenge. It utilizes microorganisms, plants, or fungi to break down the spilled oil into harmless compounds. Remediation depends on factors like the type of oil, indigenous microbes, and environmental conditions. This process can be enhanced through two main techniques: bioaugmentation (where oil-degrading microbes are introduced) and biostimulation (where nutrients are added to stimulate the growth of native oil degraders). This research explores the different applications of bioremediation in the treatment of oil spills, its applications as well as relative hinderances. Bioremediation is often used alongside other cleanup methods and proves most effective when applied strategically.

The biochemical composition of algae is determined by environmental variables and nutrient availability, which have a significant impact on its viability as a sustainable biofuel source. This article discusses the effects of important factors on algal growth and lipid accumulation, which are essential for the production of biofuel, including temperature, salinity, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration. The Novelty of the study provides a detailed biochemical analysis of multiple microalgal strains with an evaluation of how environmental factors and nutrient availability. We profiled twelve strains ranging from Arthrospira platensis (F&M-C256) to Nannochloropsis oceanica (F&M-M24) for protein, carbohydrate, lipid, total dietary fiber (TDF), ash, and moisture (all % dry weight ± SD, n = 3). A. platensis exhibited the highest protein content (63.9 ± 1.0%), whereas Tetraselmis suecica F&M-M33 (stationary-phase) reached 36.8 ± 1.5% carbohydrates. Lipid content peaked in Chlorella sorokiniana IAMC-212 (27.9 ± 1.3%) and T. suecica F&M-M33 (nutrient-replete; 28.5 ± 1.2%), with N. oceanica also high at 28.2 ± 2.0%. Strains differed markedly in TDF (below detection to 17.0%) and ash (4.0–22.0%), underscoring species-specific trade-offs between macromolecules. Our findings establish a quantitative baseline enabling downstream studies on how environmental parameters (temperature, light, salinity, CO₂) and nutrient regimes (N, P) can be tuned to shift metabolic allocation toward desired biofuel precursors. To scale up the production of microalgal biofuel in a way that is both economical and environmentally sustainable, it is imperative to comprehend these linkages. AbstractSection Graphical abstract

The growing emphasis on sustainability worldwide has made Green chemistry an essential area to study in modern education. The review article examines the impact of Green chemistry education on students’ learning outcomes and environmental awareness in chemistry. The article demonstrates how integrating Green chemistry principles into education enhances students’ knowledge of chemical processes and develops an enhanced awareness of environmental responsibility through an examination of current studies, educational programs, and pedagogical approaches. Key findings on the importance of Green chemistry education in fostering sustainable development indicate that teaching Green chemistry to students improves their critical thinking skills and academic performance and inspires them to adopt sustainable personal and professional actions. The review also highlights challenges educators face in implementing Green chemistry education, such as limited resources and resistance to curriculum changes, and suggests ways to get beyond them. To provide students with the skills and perspective they need to tackle environmental issues and eventually help create a more sustainable future, the study concludes that Green chemistry education is an effective strategy. The significance of integrating Green chemistry into educational frameworks will encourage the next generation of early-career chemists and researchers about the prospect of Green chemistry and sustainability.

There are serious health and environmental hazards associated with the growing amount of organic dyes in wastewater from sectors like food processing, leather, and textiles. These pollutants are frequently ineffectively removed by traditional wastewater treatment techniques. Adsorbents made from bio-waste have become a viable substitute because of their high removal efficiency, affordability, and sustainability. The adsorption of organic dyes is facilitated by the distinct surface chemistries of these adsorbents, which are made from a variety of biomass sources. Through synthesis and modification approaches, recent research has concentrated on enhancing these materials' adsorption capacity, selectivity, and overall performance. Adsorbents made from bio-waste have potential uses in pollutant degradation, nutrient recovery, and value addition in addition to dye removal. But issues like leaching and long-term stability need to be carefully thought out. This review highlights the recent advancements in the application of bio-waste-derived adsorbents for organic dye removal from wastewater, emphasizing their potential contributions to sustainable wastewater treatment and resource recovery.

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