Warmer temperatures predicted as a result of climate change will have an impact on milpa. An experiment was carried out with induced passive heat with the objective of simulating the increase in temperature on the physiological, morphological, and yield parameters of milpa from different climates of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Two different environments, Open-top chambers (OTC) and control, and three milpas, from warm–dry, temperate, and hot and humid climates, were studied. A total of 12 experimental units of 13.13 m² were used in the random design, with a factorial arrangement of 2 × 3 and two replications. Abiotic variables (minimum, maximum, and mean daily temperatures and accumulated heat units) were determined and compared between the two environments and confirmed that the OTC increased the abiotic variables. The growth and development parameters increased under the warming effect. Furthermore, the milpa from hot and humid climate was the least affected. In contrast, the warming considerably delayed yield parameters. The squash suffered the most, while the bean benefited the most. The warming affected the chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange differently for each crop. However, at an early stage, the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and non-photochemical quenching (qN) for bean and maize were reduced, while at a late stage, they were Fv/Fm, photochemical quenching (qP), and qN for maize; stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the squash were improved under the warming treatments. In conclusion, the warming delayed the yield and photosynthetic parameters, while growth and development benefited. The milpa systems were differently affected by warming.

Los términos multidisciplina, interdisciplina y transdisciplina son más usados que definidos, lo que genera que sean términos confusos; por lo que requieren ser clarificados. Realizamos un análisis morfológico-semántico para delimitar el significado de los términos estudiados con el apoyo de definiciones de diccionarios en cuatro idiomas. Se apela al significado histórico y filosófico del concepto disciplina y a diversas conceptualizaciones institucionales y académicas de los términos estudiados que se derivan de disciplina. La descripción de prefijos multi-, inter- y trans- y del sufijo -dad, junto con el análisis histórico y filosófico del término disciplina permiten llegar a diferentes tipologías de los conceptos multi, inter y transdisciplina y dar cuenta de su historicidad.

The majority of research on the effects of climate change on maize has concentrated on yield, with only a few studies focusing on seedling emergence and growth. Warmer temperatures predicted as a result of climate change will have an impact on seedlings emergence and growth. An experiment was carried out with induced passive heat with the objective of simulating the increase in temperature in emergence, initial growth and photosynthetical parameters of native genotypes of maize from three different agro-ecological zones (warm-dry, temperate, and hot and humid) climates of San Luis Potosí, México. Two different environments, Open Top Chambers (OTC) and control, were used as treatment and two genotypes for each agro-ecological zone were used. A total of 100 seeds were used in a random design with factorial arrangement for each genotype and environment (OTC and control). Abiotic variables (mean daily temperature, minimum and maximum daily temperature and the accumulated heat units) were determined and compared between the two environments and confirmed that the OTC increased temperatures and heat units. The percentage and velocity of seedling emergence and photochemical quenching (qP) were negatively affected by the effect of induced heat while the rate of growth of plants was accelareted and its plant height was increased. These results reveal dependence on the adaptation of the native genotypes. According to seedling emergence and growth, genotypes from less stress conditions (hot and humid (Huasteca)) were most affected while those from places with major variations in temperature condicions (warm-dry and temperate (Altiplano and Media respectively)) were not. We concluded the effect of induced heat diminish the seedling emergence and photochemical quenching while the growth benefited. Keywords: Climate change; Heat; Open top chamber; Temperature; Zea mays seedling

Climate change is a major constraint for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation in tropical regions, where elevated temperatures drastically affect reproductive efficiency and yield. This study aimed to evaluate the response of two local varieties, Matambú and Tayní, under passive induced heat using Open Top Chambers (OTC) in the humid tropics of Costa Rica. A factorial randomized block design with two genotypes and two environments (control and OTC) was applied to assess morphological, physiological, and yield-related traits. OTC increased daily maximum, minimum, and mean air temperatures by +2.29, +0.93, and +2.80 °C, respectively, and raised cumulative growing degree days by 325 °C·day⁻¹ compared with the control. Heat stress reduced grain yield by more than 80% (from 0.15 to 0.03 t·ha⁻¹) and significantly lowered the harvest index, confirming strong reproductive vulnerability. However, Matambú maintained higher nodulation and above-ground biomass under heat, whereas Tayní showed marked declines in pod set and nodule number. Correlation analyses revealed that pod number and harvest index were the strongest predictors of yield across environments. These results provide the first field evidence of local varietal responses to induced passive heat in Costa Rican common bean varieties and highlight Matambú as a valuable genetic resource for breeding climate resilient cultivars.

Climate change poses an increasing challenge to tropical agriculture, particularly for heat-sensitive crops such as local varieties of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). This study evaluated the effects of induced passive heat on the root architecture and symbiotic interactions of two local genotypes, Tayní and Bruncas, using Open Top Chambers under field conditions. Both varieties were included in the analysis and exhibited consistent qualitative responses to warming, with no contrasting cultivar-specific trends detected. Both varieties developed more roots and greater root area compared to the control, while mycorrhizal colonization increased up to 80% under warming. Soil temperature emerged as the main environmental factor influencing root expansion. These findings highlight the adaptive plasticity of local bean varieties under induced passive heat.

Solanum lycopersicum L. production is frequently challenged by complex bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens, leading to significant yield losses. This study evaluated the efficacy of three foliar elicitor treatments, Activane®, Micobiol®, and Stemicol®, in reducing disease incidence, severity, and improving plant survival in two tomato varieties, Saladette (Potosí) and Bola (Arameo), under greenhouse conditions. A completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications per variety was implemented. Disease incidence and severity were monitored using standardized scales, while pathogen identification was conducted through morphological observations and molecular methods, including 16S rDNA, ITS region sequencing, and PCR/RT-PCR assays for begomoviruses. Elicitor applications consistently reduced pathogen frequency and severity across bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria), fungal (Oidiopsis taurica, Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea), and viral (Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Tomato mottle virus) species. Among treatments, Micobiol® and Stemicol® achieved the greatest reductions in disease metrics and enhanced cumulative plant survival, reaching up to 94% in Saladette and 92% in Bola. Correlation analyses revealed differential suppression of specific pathogens, indicating that elicitor-induced priming selectively enhances plant defenses. The results demonstrate that biocontrol-based foliar elicitors are effective tools for integrated disease management, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides while promoting plant resilience and productivity.