In the current study, the reversed-phased high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was proposed for the estimation of lignocaine hydrochloride (LIG), hydrocortisone (HYD) and Ketoprofen (KET) according to International Conference for Harmonization (ICH) Q2 R1 guidelines, in a gel formulation. The chromatographic evaluation was executed using Shimadzu RP-HPLC, equipped with a C8 column and detected using UV at 254 nm wavelength, using acetonitrile and buffer (50:50) as a mobile phase and diluent, at flow rate 1 mL/min and n injection volume of 20 μL. The retention time for LIG, HYD, and KET were 1.54, 2.57, and 5.78 min, correspondingly. The resultant values of analytical recovery demonstrate accuracy and precision of the method and was found specific in identification of the drugs from dosage form and marketed products. The limit of detection (LOD) for LIG, HYD, and KET were calculated to be 0.563, 0.611, and 0.669 ppm, while the limit of quantification (LOQ) was estimated almost at 1.690, 1.833, and 0.223 ppm, respectively. The AGREE software was utilized to evaluate the greenness score of the proposed method, and it was found greener in score (0.76). This study concluded that the proposed method was simple, accurate, precise, robust, economical, reproducible, and suitable for the estimation of drugs in transdermal gels.

Lactucaserriola(L. serriola), commonly known asprickly lettuce, is an annual and biennial herb

Reported high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods for estimating metformin hydrochloride (MET) and sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate (SIT) are either laborious or contain higher proportions of organic solvents in mobile phase, thus presenting exorbitant procedures. So, a rapid, significantly more economical and eco-friendly HPLC method for synchronized analysis of both drugs was aimed to develop and validate in current study. Analytical evaluation was executed on Shimadzou⌖ C₁₈ column (250mm × 4.6mm, 5μm) using acidified water and methanol 60:40 (v/v) as mobile phase at a flow of 1mL/min; while peaks were detected at 260nm at 25°C. Resultant values of accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), robustness and specificity depicted that the method was validated in accordance with the ICH Guidelines. The approximate retention time for MET and SIT were 1.96 and 3.70 min, correspondingly. The greenness score of the developed method was evaluated using AGREE software and was found better (0.81) as compared with the methods reported (<0.8). Conclusively, the developed method was time saving, economical, rapid, robust, rugged, precise, accurate and found to be applicable for simultaneous determination of MET and SIT in commercial tablets.

Objective: Present study was aimed to standardize the leaves, pods, and bark of Dalbergia sisso Roxb (Fabaceae) plant which is one of the most important species of Pakistan and used in different ailments.Methods: Powders of dried parts of this plant were used for macroscopic and microscopic, histological, fluorescence, micro chemical, proximate, infra-red spectroscopic examinations and extract were used for preliminary phytochemical examination. These entire tests were performed as per World Health Organization (WHO) standards.Results: In preliminary phytochemical analysis D. sisso carbohydrates, alkaloids, and tannins were detected in the pod while leaves contain carbohydrates alkaloids and flavonoids. The different cellular structure provides the basis of different parts identifications like stomata in leave (A), schlerides in pods (B) and tissues in bark (C) parts of the powdered plant. Proximate analysis showed the high level of moisture content and ash values of A, B and C samples. The fluorescence behavior of powdered material of A, B and C revealed the coloration of these samples under different wavelength. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) established the spectrum include aromatic and aldehyde based functional groups for the all three powdered samples of D. sisso Roxb.Conclusion: This research work was performed for the standardization of the plant D. sisso Roxb. as per WHO recommendations and we established the proper identification profile of the plant and its parts.

Adenanthera pavonina a perennial species of family Leguminosae is commonly known as red-bead tree. It is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various health conditions. The plant is reported to have a wide range of biological activities including astringent, anti-hemorrhagic, anti-diarrheal, anti-hematuria, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, anti-gout and anti-oxidant activities. Seeds are anticephalgic and also used for the treatment of paralysis and blood pressure. The Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopic (GCMS) and Gas Chromatographic Flame Ionization Detector (GCFID) spectra of plant oil indicated the presence of valuable constituents. The compounds identified by GCMS include 2-amylfuran, Pentanoic acid, Hexanoic acid, Decane, 2,4,Decadienal, C10 H18 O, Palmitic Acid, Octadec-9-enoic acid, and Stigmasta 3,5-diene-7-one.The unsaturated fatty acid content was found to be 44.628 % while unsaturated fatty acid were identified to be 2.53 % including other fatty acid as 52.502%. Main fatty acid identified were palmitic acid (60.999%), Linolenic acid (26.507%) Stearic acid (24.634%), Behenic acid (28.203%) and Decosahexonic acid (15.031%). The anti-oxidant activity and physicochemical analysis of oil including iodine value sap value was also performed to assess the bioactivity and stability characteristics of fixed oil. Iodine value was found to be 53.444 indicating low degree of saturation while Sap value was found out 283. The antioxidant potential of oil was found to be 77.187 %. Hence the current findings justified the traditional uses of this significant medicinal plant species.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected not only the physical health, but mental health of general population. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the anxiety and levels of stress during COVID-among the population of Karachi. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted for the period of 8 months May 2020-December 2020, the required variables were collected on a questionnaire. Data was analyzed and descriptive statistics was applied using SPSS version 21 with 95% CI. Results: Out of 450 participants, 45.8% males, 54.2% females. The majority (39.1%) of patients were in group of 51-70 years of age. The levels of anxiety were categories in mild (21.5%), moderate (38.2%) severe (15.2%) and no anxiety (25.1%). The contributing factors in stress and anxiety were the fear (68.3%), panic situation by media (58.5%) and stress due to pandemic (64.2%). Conclusion: The pandemic of COVID-19 is a stressful situation which needs a proper management and counselling of community regarding the precautionary measures and guidance to control the psychological parameters.