Epigenetic biomarkers, such as DNA methylation, histone alterations, and non-coding RNAs, are increasingly recognized as essential instruments in disease diagnoses, prognostics, and customized therapy. As their clinical significance increases, so does the necessity for robust, interpretable, and scalable techniques that can accurately detect these molecular alterations. This review provides a critical and organized overview of contemporary technologies employed to characterize the principal categories of epigenetic modifications, encompassing PCR- and sequencing-based methods, high-resolution immunoprecipitation techniques, and CRISPR-enhanced detection systems. Although numerous procedures are technically well-established, their implementation outside research laboratories frequently faces substantial challenges: elevated prices, data intricacy, absence of standardization, and restricted translational frameworks. Furthermore, the interpretation of epigenetic data continues to pose a significant difficulty, especially for heterogeneous clinical samples and the swiftly advancing computational techniques. We examine the advantages and drawbacks of existing approaches, focusing on their incorporation into biomedical engineering platforms, including biosensors, lab-on-a-chip devices, and AI-assisted diagnostics. This review seeks to assist researchers, physicians, and engineers in choosing suitable technologies, comprehending their limitations, and pinpointing areas requiring urgent innovation by merging analytical rigor with a pragmatic viewpoint.

Chronic inflammation is central to both multiple sclerosis (MS) and allergic conditions, though their pathological outcomes differ. In MS, inflammation leads to demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system, while in allergies, it causes localized tissue swelling and irritation. Emerging evidence suggests that heightened immune activity in allergies may influence or exacerbate inflammatory responses in MS, with some researchers proposing shared immunopathological mechanisms between allergic hyperactivity and the autoimmune processes underlying MS. The kynurenine pathway, a key route of tryptophan metabolism, has garnered attention for its role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative, psychiatric, vascular, and autoimmune diseases. Its metabolites are known to modulate neuroinflammation and immune responses, particularly through their effects on B and T lymphocytes, which are critical in adaptive immunity and autoimmune pathology. This article explores the influence of the kynurenine pathway on B and T lymphocyte function, aiming to determine its potential to provide deeper insights into immune dysregulation in chronic inflammation diseases. By understanding these interactions, we seek to evaluate the kynurenine pathway as a target for developing more effective therapeutic strategies for chronic inflammations and autoimmune conditions.