This research analysed the options that, following decent employment and the social economy, can allow the human development of poor, excluded and vulnerable indigenous populations in Ecuador. A set of strategies were developed which can be implemented by public authorities and by community organisations. They were designed from two types of expert consultations: the Delphi method and the analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) combined with Analytic Hierarchy Process method (AHP) for hierarchizing the criteria collected and obtaining strategies. The proposed strategies are as follows: adopting appropriate legal frameworks, respecting peoples’ rights, better distribution of public resources, implementing monitoring systems, developing solidarity markets and recognizing the participation of the poor as a subject of rights. This investigation revealed differences between the state, which identifies the poor with monetary indicators, and the indigenous peoples, who see it as the lack of community links, by conceiving the poor as a beneficiary of official assistance, despite the fact that a strong community and peasant organisation could be used. The value of an economy based on reciprocity and confidence was also recognized, identifying niches of production and consumption to create partnerships and ensure the participation of indigenous peoples in decision-making areas.

The objective of this research is to contribute to the scientific debate on “complementary monetary systems” (CMSs), what strategies may be the best for allowing the implementation of a CMS in a territory and that optimise the potential that it seems to have to strengthen processes of sustainable local development and urban resilience. For this, the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats-Analytic Hierarchy Process methodology (SWOT-AHP) has been used, which has allowed us to identify four strategies: (1) build a social, economic and political consensus, (2) create a community observatory for “complementary social monetary systems” (CSMSs), (3) define communication tools for raising awareness and education in ethical finance and (4) promote the alignment of the CSMS with sustainable local development strategies. These strategies have been formulated so that that they can be implemented by any entity, public or private, and for any of the types of CMS that may be part of a CSMS.

Communication ecosystems have mul­tiplexed and increased their capacity to act, distort, and fight. COVID-19 pan­demic and the response of the Ecuado­rian Government to it are clear exam­ples of the power of media to erode, to influence, and also to produce fake news. In this context, Twitter has be­come more than just a social plat­form, as it helped spread catastrophic pictures of the country, especially of Guayaquil. This article analyzes the tweets posted by the main domestic and global media and by the Ecuadori­an government accounts since the out­break of the pandemic in Ecuador, as well as the interrelations among them and their polarity score. The aim is to show how the government changed its action plan by focusing on exogenous elements that had been excluded from its (pre)established strategy, which consisted in neglecting and deliberate­ly minimizing a situation that turned out to be more serious than officially deemed and that was exposed by un­official global media. Keywords: Twitter, social network, mass media, impact, COVID-19, Ecuador.

Los temas relacionados con la etnicidad han ganado importancia en las agendas de América Latina. En Ecuador, los censos han tenido limitaciones históricas, evolucionando para incluir criterios lingüísticos y de autoidentificación étnica, desde 2001. Al comparar los resultados del censo de 2022 y los censos anteriores se observó una reducción de la población indígena en ciertos territorios, motivando este estudio para analizar sus causas potenciales. Esta es una investigación exploratoria y descriptiva, cualitativa y cuantitativa, utilizando un cuestionario postcensal y entrevistas semiestructuradas en parroquias seleccionadas. Se observaron cambios demográficos significativos en la población indígena, con una disminución de la población joven en edad productiva y un aumento de adultos mayores. La transición demográfica impacta directamente en la carga poblacional y en las bases de la población indígena. La migración y la fecundidad son factores clave que influyen en las dinámicas poblacionales, junto con la metodología censal que ha impactado en la reducción de personas registradas. A pesar de su disminución, no se puede atribuir a una pérdida de identidad, porque los datos muestran un cambio en la composición poblacional. Es fundamental seguir analizando para comprender hacia dónde se está movilizando la población no reportada en estas zonas y garantizar información relevante y confiable para formular políticas públicas inclusivas.

Las redes sociales se han convertido en los últimos años, gracias al incremento en el acceso de los hogares y las personas al internet y al uso cada vez mayor de los llamados objetos inteligentes, en un extendido medio de comunicación que permite la interacción entre diversos actores y en el lugar donde se discuten múltiples temáticas, entre las que se incluye la política. A su vez, los actores políticos han visto en las redes un espacio útil para promover las narrativas y mensajes que justifiquen sus actos y decisiones, apuntalando un discurso que aprovecha el comportamiento de los usuarios al momento de diseminar información. Son estos mismos usuarios quienes propagan cualquier tipo de información, desde la más objetiva hasta aquella que ha sido distorsionada, manipulada o que es directamente falsa, aprovechándose de que las personas no quieren escuchar malas noticias y de que prefieren una mentira si esta apoya su criterio particular, además, los usuarios de las redes utilizan la posibilidad de callar voces contrarias a su creencia, añadiendo, borrando o silenciando contactos. A través de un análisis estadístico, este estudio, identifica las razones de este fenómeno y el comportamiento inherente que lo promueve en la ciudad de Quito cuando encuentra una importante porción de usuarios de redes sociales que comparten información sin verificar su procedencia ni la fiabilidad de las fuentes que la emiten, incluso si desconfían sobre la veracidad de dicha información.

The different frames used in the COVID-19 coverage in Ecuador by the national and international press were analyzed through their Twitter accounts. This allowed the examination of which aspects of the pandemic were given greater prominence by each newspaper. The study was based on five generic frames, between 17 March and 16 April 2020. The exploration of these frames was carried out by means of an intersubjective content analysis, using four previously trained encoders. The dominant frames for COVID-19 in Ecuador varied according to the media group studied. 1) The concept of heterogeneity was confirmed within framing theory, according to which a single reality, understood as a textual and visual construct, is addressed in multiple ways by the selection of certain aspects that are given greater emphasis or priority; 2) international newspapers and, to a lesser extent, the national press showed their propensity to “internalize” the dynamic of sensationalism; and 3) there are discrepancies in the interests of the readerships with respect to the dominant frames in the media.