Crustacean aquaculture represents a major industry in tropical developing countries. As a result of high culture densities and increasing extension of aquaculture farms, the presence of diseases has also increased, inducing economic losses. Invertebrates, which lack adaptive immune systems, have developed defense systems that respond against antigens on the surface of potential pathogens. The defense mechanisms of crustaceans depend completely on the innate immune system that is activated when pathogen-associated molecular patterns are recognized by soluble or by cell surface host proteins, such as lectins, antimicrobial, clotting, and pattern recognition proteins, which, in turn, activate cellular or humoral effector mechanisms to destroy invading pathogens. This work is aimed at presenting the main characteristics of the crustacean proteins that participate in immune defense by specific recognition of carbohydrate containing molecules, i.e. glycans, glycolipids, glycoproteins, peptidoglycans, or lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, or fungi. We review some basic aspects of crustacean effector defense processes, like agglutination, encapsulation, phagocytosis, clottable proteins, and bactericidal activity, induced by these carbohydrate-driven recognition patterns.

Background: Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors, including obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, are major contributors to global morbidity and mortality. Although gold-standard diagnostic methods for obesity and insulin resistance exist, they are costly and inaccessible in resource-limited settings. Conventional anthropometric measures underestimate parameters that enhance risk prediction and fail explaining the complex relationship between adipose tissue distribution and metabolic dysfunction. This study evaluated and compared the diagnostic accuracy of 15 conventional and non-conventional anthropometric and biochemical indices for identifying CMR factors in Mexican adults. We hypothesized that non-conventional indices would demonstrate superior diagnostic performance compared with traditional measures.Methods: We analyzed data from 1,876 participants aged 20–80 years from the 2022 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT). Anthropometric indices, including body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body roundness index (BRI), deep abdominal adipose tissue index (DAAT), and weight-adjusted waist index (WWI), were calculated alongside biochemical indices such as HOMA-IR, triglyceride-glucose index (TG), and combined indices like TG*BMI and TG*WC. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis evaluates diagnostic performance, with sex-stratified analyses conducted to determine optimal cut-off values.Results: Non-conventional indices demonstrated superior diagnostic performance across all outcomes. For obesity detection, TG*BMI achieved the highest area under the curve (AUC=0.972), followed by WHtR and BRI (AUC=0.934). For CMR assessment, BRI showed perfect discrimination (AUC=1.000), whereas TG*WC (AUC=0.976) and LAP (AUC=0.963) demonstrated exceptional performance. Sex-based analyses revealed that optimal cut-off values varied, with most indices maintaining a consistent discriminatory capacity across sexes.Conclusions: Non-conventional anthropometric indices, particularly those incorporating metabolic and anthropometric parameters, outperform traditional BMI-based assessments for CMR stratification in Mexican adults. These accessible, cost-effective tools offer superior diagnostic accuracy and enhance early identification of high-risk individuals in resource-limited healthcare settings. Future studies are required to validate these findings and establish population-specific reference values.

Burnout (BO) is a response to prolonged exposure to work-related stressors characterized by emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and reduced personal accomplishment (PA). The police working environment includes continued critical life-threatening situations, violence, and injuries, among other related factors putting them at high risk of distress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between Burnout Syndrome and sociodemographic, occupational, and health factors in Mexican police officers. We applied the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) to 351 active members of the Mexican police workforce. In addition, a specific questionnaire identified the presence of chronic degenerative diseases, hypertension, diabetes, digestive diseases, self-perception of food quality, and hours of sleep. Furthermore, 23.36% of police workforces presented high levels of burnout; 44.16% of police were highly emotionally exhausted, 49.29% had lost empathy with people, and 41.03% presented low personal achievement. Moreover, the worst levels of the syndrome were present in people with a poor self-perceived health status, poor perception of diet quality, without regular mealtimes, bad sleep habits, and elevated Body Mass Index. Data suggest that in Mexican police officers, BO is dimensionally different from all other groups previously studied (DP > EE > PA).

β-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) is a prominent member of the GH1 family of glycoside hydrolases. The properties of this β-glucosidase appear to include resistance to temperature, urea, and iodoacetamide, and it is activated by 2-ME, similar to other members. β-Glucosidase from chayote (Sechium edule) was purified by ionic-interchange chromatography and molecular exclusion chromatography. Peptides detected by LC-ESI-MS/MS were compared with other β-glucosidases using the BLAST program. This enzyme is a 116 kDa protein composed of two sub-units of 58 kDa and shows homology with Cucumis sativus β-glucosidase (NCBI reference sequence XP_004154617.1), in which seven peptides were found with relative masses ranging from 874.3643 to 1587.8297. The stability of β-glucosidase depends on an initial concentration of 0.2 mg/mL of protein at pH 5.0 which decreases by 33% in a period of 30 h, and then stabilizes and is active for the next 5 days (pH 4.0 gives similar results). One hundred μg/mL β-D-glucose inhibited β-glucosidase activity by more than 50%. The enzyme had a K_m of 4.88 mM with p-NPG and a K_cat of 10,000 min⁻¹. The optimal conditions for the enzyme require a pH of 4.0 and a temperature of 50 °C.