To evaluate the sexual behavior of Lithuanian high school students. School-based anonymous self-administered survey of high school students, conducted from February to June 2017. Of 167 invited schools, 113 (67.7%) agreed to participate in the survey with a response rate of 75% among invited students (8143/10,811). Respondents' median age was 18 (range 16-20) years. Nearly one-third of students (31.3%) reported sexual intercourse with a median age at coitarche of 17 years. Most (82.9%) used contraception at coitarche. Contraception at coitarche was more common among those who were sober at coitarche (aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5-3.2). Students whose parents had discussed sex with them were more likely to plan coitarche (aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.5). Students searching for information about sexual life more often had their coitarche sober than those not searching for information (29.7% (n = 60) vs 21.1% (n = 497, p = 0.006). Every fifth high school student reported contraceptive nonuse; however, only 6% indicated the use of reliable dual contraception during the first sexual intercourse. Efforts are needed to improve the sexual education offered to Lithuanian adolescents to ensure the many sexually active adolescents are aware of how to protect themselves from infection and undesired pregnancy.

Background: To evaluate the role of the quality improvement course (QIC) to reduce the caesarean section (CS) rate among nulliparas (Robson groups 1 and 2) and to find out which group of women have reduced the CS rate following attendance at the course. Methods: The QIC was organized in 2015. For the evaluation of the CS rate after the OIC, deliveries from the selected hospitals in 2014 and 2016 were compared using MS EXCEL and SPSS 23.0. Results: Nulliparas accounted for 44.6% (3585/8046) and 42.9% (3628/8460) of all the deliveries in 2014 and 2016 years, respectively. The CS rate among nulliparas decreased from 19.0% (665/3502) in 2014 to 16.8% (593/3526) in 2016 (p = 0.018). The greatest decrease in absolute contribution to the overall CS rate was recorded in group 1 (p = 0.08). Perinatal mortality was 3.1 in 2014 and 3.9 in 2016 per 1000 deliveries (p = 0.569). Conclusion: The QIC has helped to reduce the CS rate among nulliparas without a negative influence on perinatal mortality. The greatest decrease in the overall CS rate was recorded among nulliparous women who were treated with oxytocin and managed to reach a full cervical dilatation.

Surgical treatment is a cornerstone of ovarian cancer (OC) therapy and exerts a substantial influence on the immune system. Immune responses also play a pivotal and intricate role in OC progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of immune-related protein expression and the activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in OC patients, both before surgery and during the early postoperative phase. The study cohort comprised 23 OC patients and 20 non-cancer controls. A comprehensive analysis of PBMCs revealed significant pre-operative downregulation in the mRNA expression of multiple immune-related proteins, including interleukins, PD-1, PD-L1, and HO-1. This was followed by further dysregulation during the first 5 post-operative days. Although most serum interleukin concentrations showed only minor changes, a distinct increase in IL-6 and HO-1 levels was observed post-operatively. Reduced metabolic and phagocytic activity and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed on day 1 post-surgery. These findings suggest a shift towards immune tolerance during the early post-operative phase of OC, potentially creating a window for treatment. Further research into post-operative PBMC activity could lead to the development of new or improved treatment strategies for OC.

Ovarian cancer (OC) poses a significant global health challenge with high mortality rates, emphasizing the need for improved treatment strategies. The immune system’s role in OC progression and treatment response is increasingly recognized, particularly regarding peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and cytokine production. This study aimed to investigate PBMC subpopulations (T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, monocytes) and cytokine production, specifically interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), in monocytes of OC patients both preoperatively and during the early postoperative period. Thirteen OC patients and 23 controls were enrolled. Preoperatively, OC patients exhibited changes in PBMC subpopulations, including decreased cytotoxic T cells, increased M2 monocytes, and the disbalance of monocyte cytokine production. These alterations persisted after surgery with subtle additional changes observed in PBMC subpopulations and cytokine expression in monocytes. Considering the pivotal role of these altered cells and cytokines in OC progression, our findings suggest that OC patients experience an enhanced pro-tumorigenic environment, which persists into the early postoperative period. These findings highlight the impact of surgery on the complex interaction between the immune system and OC progression. Further investigation is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms during this early postoperative period, which may hold potential for interventions aimed at improving OC management.

Kiaušidžių vėžys (KV) yra aštunta pagal dažnumą moterų onkologinė liga pasaulyje, dažniausiai diagnozuojama pažengusiose stadijose, todėl gydymo rezultatai yra prasti - bendrasis 5 metų išgyvenamumas siekia tik apie 49 proc. Citoredukcinė operacija išlieka pagrindiniu gydymo būdu, tačiau chirurginės traumos sukeliami imuninės sistemos pokyčiai gali būti reikšmingi naviko progresavimui pooperaciniu laikotarpiu. Imuniniai pokyčiai ankstyvuoju pooperaciniu laikotarpiu KV pacientėms iki šiol ištirti nepakankamai. Šio perspektyviojo stebimojo tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti su periferinio kraujo vienbranduolėmis ląstelėmis (PKVL) susijusius imuninio atsako pokyčius po chirurginio KV gydymo. Į tyrimą įtrauktos 23 pacientės, kurios sirgo III–IV stadijos KV ir joms buvo atlikta citoredukcinė operacija, bei 23 moterys, kurios nesirgo KV. Tyrimo metu buvo analizuota periferinio kraujo ląstelių sudėtis, PKVL subpopuliacijos ir jų funkciniai žymenys, citokinų raiška PKVL bei jų koncentracija serume. Atlikus PKVL analizę nustatyta, kad KV sergančių pacienčių imuninė sistema yra reikšmingai slopinama, ir nustatyti pokyčiai, prisidedantys prie naviko augimą skatinančios aplinkos. Šie pokyčiai išliko ir ankstyvuoju pooperaciniu laikotarpiu bei atsirado papildomų pokyčių, galinčių skatinti naviko augimą.