Chalcones, a class of secondary metabolites within the flavonoid family, are characterized by a distinct C6-C3-C6 structure.

Essential oils (EOs) obtained from different parts of plants consist of diverse chemical constituents. Most of the essential oils are rich in monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenylpropenes. The diversity of chemical constituents imparts several biological activities such as insecticidal, repellent, attractant, antifeedant, oviposition deterrent, disruption in growth regulation, fungicidal and antiviral to these essential oils. Traditionally, EOs are being utilised for management of insect pests both in field crops and storage. Mostly these essential oils are found to affect insects by inhibiting several enzymes such as acetylcholine esterages, Glutathion S-transferages and also octopaminergic nervous system. They do not show toxicity against the mammals and fishes, due to absence of target site in these organisms. A few essential oils are exempted from pesticide registration and are being used as seasoning agents in food and beverage products. Moreover, these EOs can be a potential “green pesticide” against agricultural pests and support to the organic food production. The main purpose of this review is to emphasize on biological activities of EOs. This comprehensive and critical review will be helpful for chemists to develop more candidates based on these moieties and also for plant protectionists to identify promising EOs as per the need.

Groundwater contamination by pesticides poses significant risks to this critical freshwater resource, which supports urban, rural, industrial, and agricultural needs. Pesticides, widely used to enhance agricultural productivity, often infiltrate groundwater, threatening both environmental sustainability and human health. By analyzing recent studies, this article highlights the long-term risks associated with pesticide residues and evaluates mitigation strategies, including Best Management Practices (BMPs), bioremediation, and policy interventions. The findings underscore the need for integrated approaches to groundwater protection, such as promoting organic and sustainable farming practices, implementing robust groundwater quality monitoring systems, and strengthening pesticide regulations. This review examines the intricate dynamics of pesticide pollution, encompassing its sources, transport pathways, persistence, and impacts on groundwater systems. In addition, it offers a foundation for informed policymaking, future research, and the development of strategies aimed at conserving groundwater resources and minimizing pesticide contamination. Graphical abstract

Two novel series (5a–f, 6 and 7a–f, 8) of benzothiazole-appended bis-triazole derivative-based fungicides were prepared and their antifungal activity evaluated against plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani . It was found that compound 5f is the most potent fungicide.