As prominent oil producers, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have played a significant role in the global energy market. However, as the world’s attention increasingly shifts towards environmental sustainability, understanding the implications of the GCC’s economic activities on CO2 emissions becomes indispensable. This research paper investigates the relationship between specific economic indicators and their impact on CO2 emissions in the GCC from 2001 to 2021. This study employs quantile regression, a robust statistical method that estimates the conditional quantiles of a response variable given a set of predictor variables. The findings reveal several essential insights: Financial institution efficiency is significant and negative at a 1% level at the lower (10th, −83,537.3) and higher quantiles (90th, −549,002.3). The relationship between the GDP per capita and CO2 emissions varies across quantiles, highlighting the complexity of the growth–environment nexus. Total patents exhibit a positive and significant relationship with emissions, underscoring the importance of directing innovation towards environmentally sustainable solutions. Renewable energy consumption displays a nuanced relationship with CO2 emissions, with a more substantial negative impact observed at higher consumption levels. This underscores the potential of renewable energy to mitigate emissions when integrated at scale. This study’s outcomes hold crucial policy implications for GCC countries as they seek to align economic growth with environmental sustainability. The findings emphasize the importance of fostering financial institution efficiency, promoting green innovation, and expanding renewable energy sources to reduce emissions.

This study aims to examine the impact of operational, credit, and liquidity risks on the financial performance of Sudanese commercial banks and then to make recommendations that improve risk management practices. The study sample consists of 27 banks for the period 2017-2021, and the data were collected from the annual reports of these banks. The study used the fixed effects model to test the hypotheses of the study. The results of the study showed that the operating risks are represented by managerial weakness, fraud, and the underuse of technology. Credit risks arising from non-performing loans and inadequate risk assessment practices,and Liquidity risks allhave a significant negative impact on the financial performance of commercial banks in Sudan, especially during periods of recession and economic instability. These significant and critical outcomes necessitate effective risk management strategies to mitigate these negative effects. Strengthening the regulatory framework to better align with international banking standards, modernizing banking infrastructure to improve operational efficiency, and strengthening the legal and institutional environment to support sustainable financial practices, and consequently, contributing to the flexibility and upgrading the overall profitability of Sudanese banks.