Oral tolerance blocks the development of specific immune responses to proteins ingested by the oral route. One of the first registries of oral tolerance showed that guinea pigs fed corn became refractory to hypersensitivity to corn proteins. Mice fed with chow containing corn are tolerant to zein, and parenteral injection of zein plus adjuvant blocks immunization to unrelated proteins injected concomitantly and reduces unspecific inflammation. Extensive and prolonged inflammatory infiltrate in the wound bed is one of the causes of pathological wound healing. Previous research shows that intraperitoneal injection of zein concomitant with skin injuries reduces the inflammatory infiltrate in the wound bed and improves wound healing. Herein, we tested if one subcutaneous injection of zein before skin injury improves wound healing. We also investigated how long the effects triggered by zein could improve skin wound healing. Mice fed zein received two excisional wounds on the interscapular skin under anesthesia. Zein plus Al(OH)₃ was injected at the tail base at 10 min, or 3, 5, or 7 days before skin injuries. Wound healing was analyzed at days 7 and 40 after injury. Our results showed that a zein injection up to 5 days before skin injury reduced the inflammatory infiltrate, increased the number of T-cells in the wound bed, and improved the pattern of collagen deposition in the neodermis. These findings could promote the development of new strategies for the treatment and prevention of pathological healing using proteins normally found in the common diet.

Background: Pediatric asthma is a multifactorial condition influenced by environmental, biological, and social determinants. The COVID-19 pandemic introduced new variables that may have affected the severity and management of asthma in children and adolescents, particularly through changes in healthcare access, treatment adherence, and exposure to environmental risk factors. Objective: To evaluate the association between asthma severity and various factors including nutritional status, corticosteroid use, COVID-19 vaccination, and pollutant exposure before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a pediatric population. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using 307 medical records of patients aged 3 to 17 years. Data collected included sociodemographic characteristics, nutritional indicators, history of corticosteroid use, vaccination status against COVID-19, and exposure to environmental pollutants. Asthma severity was assessed using the pulmonary score, and multiple statistical analyses, including logistic regression using the Bayesian Logistic Regression Model (BLRM), were employed to identify significant associations. Results: The analysis revealed a statistically significant impact of the pandemic on hospitalization rates (p = 0.0187) and the use of corticosteroids (p = 0.009), indicating changes in asthma management during this period. Notable differences were observed in the geographic distribution of mild versus severe asthma cases prior to the pandemic, associated with nutritional status and gender (p = 0.018). During the pandemic, breastfeeding history, body weight, and hospitalization emerged as significant predictors of asthma severity (p < 0.05). In addition, breastfeeding in young children (aged 3 to 6 years) and hospitalization were strongly associated with pulmonary scores, with significance values of 0.022 and 0.012, respectively, as identified by the BLRM. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the pandemic context influenced both the clinical course and management of pediatric asthma. Preventive strategies should consider individual and environmental factors such as nutrition, early-life health practices (e.g., breastfeeding), and equitable access to appropriate asthma care and vaccination. Tailoring pediatric asthma management to these variables may improve outcomes and reduce disparities in disease severity.

Las actividades antropogénicas tienen un impacto significativo en los ecosistemas acuáticos en muchas regiones de Colombia. En este estudio, se evaluó la genotoxicidad del agua de dos ríos importantes de la región de La Loma – Cesar: el río Calenturitas y el río Cesar, utilizando el modelo biológico Allium cepa. Se recolectaron muestras de agua en diferentes puntos durante las épocas seca y lluviosa, realizando análisis macroscópicos y microscópicos para observar cambios en la viabilidad celular tras exposiciones de 24 y 48 horas. Los análisis químicos realizados mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica revelaron la presencia de mercurio y arsénico en el agua, lo que resultó en efectos adversos sobre el crecimiento y la división celular en A. cepa. Entre los hallazgos se destacan la disminución del índice mitótico, la formación de micronúcleos y la desintegración nuclear, indicativa de muerte celular. Además, se observó una reducción significativa en la longitud de la raíz y en el número de células que completaron la telofase. Estos resultados sugieren que los contaminantes presentes en los cuerpos de agua estudiados tienen un efecto genotóxico y citotóxico constante, independientemente de la variación estacional. La persistencia de estos contaminantes resalta la necesidad urgente de implementar medidas de control más rigurosas y estudiar los efectos a largo plazo en los ecosistemas acuáticos de la región.

Background: Pediatric asthma is a multifactorial condition influenced by environmental, biological, and social determinants. The COVID-19 pandemic introduced new variables that may have affected the severity and management of asthma in children and adolescents, particularly through changes in healthcare access, treatment adherence, and exposure to environmental risk factors. Objective: To evaluate the association between asthma severity and various factors including nutritional status, corticosteroid use, COVID-19 vaccination, and pollutant exposure before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a pediatric population. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using 307 medical records of patients aged 3 to 17 years. Data collected included sociodemographic characteristics, nutritional indicators, history of corticosteroid use, vaccination status against COVID-19, and exposure to environmental pollutants. Asthma severity was assessed using the pulmonary score, and multiple statistical analyses, including logistic regression using the Bayesian Logistic Regression Model (BLRM), were employed to identify significant associations. Results: The analysis revealed a statistically significant impact of the pandemic on hospitalization rates (p = 0.0187) and the use of corticosteroids (p = 0.009), indicating changes in asthma management during this period. Notable differences were observed in the geographic distribution of mild versus severe asthma cases prior to the pandemic, associated with nutritional status and gender (p = 0.018). During the pandemic, breastfeeding history, body weight, and hospitalization emerged as significant predictors of asthma severity (p < 0.05), as identified by the BLRM. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the pandemic context influenced both the clinical course and management of pediatric asthma. Preventive strategies should consider individual and environmental factors such as nutrition, early-life health practices (e.g., breastfeeding), and equitable access to appropriate asthma care and vaccination. Tailoring pediatric asthma management to these variables may improve outcomes and reduce disparities in disease severity.

Oral tolerance is an immunological phenomenon that results from protein intake and that has systemic effects on inflammation. Previous research has shown that parenteral injection of tolerated proteins reduces inflammatory infiltrate and improves skin wound healing. Herein, we tested whether the injection of tolerated proteins improves the healing of several wounds on different parts of the body, such as on the skin of the back and on the external ear (the auricle). To induce oral tolerance to ovalbumin (OVA), eight-week old C57BL/6 mice drank egg white diluted 1:5 in water for 3 consecutive days. The control mice drank water. Seven days after oral treatment, mice were submitted to excisional injuries on the skin of the back (6 mm) and ears (4 mm). Minutes before the injuries, the mice received an intraperitoneal injection of OVA + Al(OH)₃. Seven and 40 days after the injuries, tissue samples were collected and processed for histological analysis of the wounds. The results showed that the injection of OVA in animals that drank OVA reduced the inflammatory infiltrate in all lesions. In addition, injection of OVA in animals that drank OVA promoted better organization of the extracellular matrix, with thicker and intertwined collagen fibers in the neodermis, resulting in smaller scars on the skin. Furthermore, the healing area of the ears of OVA-tolerant animals showed chondrocyte aggregates and less obvious fibrous scar tissue compared with control animals. In conclusion, systemic effects of oral tolerance positively influenced the healing of several lesions on different parts of the body.