Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a technology of importance for the Intelligent Transportation System, which provides safe and comfortable driving, infotainment, traffic management, route optimization, accident prevention, etc. Imparting suitable Quality of Service (QoS), high reliability, and low latency in VANET is a task that is challenging due to the presence of various constraints such as dynamic topology, an imperfection in hardware, congestion in the channel, fluctuation in vehicle density, etc. It is essential to allocate and utilize the resources effectively to maximize the benefit and enhance network performance. It is vital to use the available bandwidth, power, computing, and storage resources efficiently. Along with resource allocation, security and privacy challenges are of equal importance for VANET. One of the major concerns is to make the communication channel secure and prevent the network from attacks by malicious agents. Also, preserving the privacy of vehicles by hiding real identities to circumvent tracking is a challenging task. The authorized agents are allowed to know the actual identity of vehicles. This paper exhibits an in-depth survey of resource allocation schemes in different aspects of VANET. It analyzes the security and privacy of messages, vehicles, and the overall network. Also, the paper presents and discusses the open issues and future research areas in resource allocation, security, and privacy of VANET.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) thrive on providing a communication channel between vehicles and infrastructures that facilitate efficient and safe Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) as well as Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications. Reliable and efficient transmission amongst vehicles and Road Side Units (RSUs) is a prime concern of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). One of the primary challenges involved in vehicular communication is designing an efficient routing mechanism for data dissemination from node to node via a reliable route. The harsh vehicular environment with varied road conditions and obstacles in the signal propagation path induces another challenge. Therefore, this paper presents a comparative analysis of existing routing protocols with propagation models to assist researchers in gaining insight into the existing propagation model and routing protocols. The study also optimizes routing and propagation models for reliable packet dissemination. This work uses a realistic scenario from Open Street Map (OSM), and simulations are performed using SUMO. The trace files generated from SUMO are used for further simulation in NS-3. The simulation results are presented and studied in detail. The results show that the Two-Ray Ground and FRIIS propagation model outperforms the compared models, and the routing protocol OLSR outperforms AODV and DSDV.

Traffic density around the globe is increasing on a day-to-day basis, resulting in more accidents, congestion, and pollution. The dynamic vehicular environment induces challenges in designing an efficient and reliable protocol for communication. Timely delivery of safety and non-safety messages is necessary for traffic congestion control and for avoiding road mishaps. For efficient resource sharing and optimized channel utilization, the media access control (MAC) protocol plays a vital role. An efficient MAC protocol design can provide fair channel access and can delay constraint safety message dissemination, improving road safety. This paper reviews the applications, characteristics, and challenges faced in the design of MAC protocols. A classification of the MAC protocol is presented based on contention mechanisms and channel access. The classification based on contention is oriented as contention-based, contention-free, and hybrid, whereas the classification based on channel access is categorized as distributed, centralized, cluster-based, cooperative, token-based, and random access. These are further sub-classified as single-channel and multi-channel, based on the type of channel resources they utilize. This paper gives an analysis of the objectives, mechanisms, advantages/disadvantages, and simulators used in specified protocols. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion on the future scope and open challenges for improving the MAC protocol design.

During the last year, the pandemic prompted a heavier reliance on technology, as well as the adoption of interconnected devices and hybrid work settings. As a result, we are more vulnerable to cyber-attacks than ever before. The chapter introduces open banking and cyber security concepts briefly, presenting the reasons for rising of open banking. An insight to open banking in India is also presented. In India, the non-banking financial companies are intermediaries responsible for open banking and customer consent management. The trend of open banking systems is depicted from recent years. A short description of various threats and key security measures are discussed. Further, the need and implementation of cyber security in open banking are elaborated. Finally, future perspectives and research challenges are described to extend work on cyber security mechanisms in open banking.

Globally, the increases in vehicle numbers, traffic congestion, and road accidents are serious issues. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) traveling in platoons provide innovative solutions for efficient traffic flow management, especially for congestion mitigation, thus reducing accidents. In recent years, platoon-based driving, also known as vehicle platoon, has emerged as an extensive research area. Vehicle platooning reduces travel time and increases road capacity by reducing the safety distance between vehicles. For connected and automated vehicles, cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) systems and platoon management systems play a significant role. Platoon vehicles can maintain a closer safety distance due to CACC systems, which are based on vehicle status data obtained through vehicular communications. This paper proposes an adaptive traffic flow and collision avoidance approach for vehicular platoons based on CACC. The proposed approach considers the creation and evolution of platoons to govern the traffic flow during congestion and avoid collisions in uncertain situations. Different obstructing scenarios are identified during travel, and solutions to these challenging situations are proposed. The merge and join maneuvers are performed to help the platoon’s steady movement. The simulation results show a significant improvement in traffic flow due to the mitigation of congestion using platooning, minimizing travel time, and avoiding collisions.